Investigations of water inrushes from aquifers under coal seams

In many coal mines, limestone-confined aquifers underlie coal seams. During coal extraction from these mines, water inrushes occur frequently with disastrous consequences. This paper introduces the hydrogeological conditions of the coal mines and the potential water inrush disasters from aquifers under coal seams. It then presents the water inrush mechanism. The main factors which control water inrushes include strata pressure, mining size, geologic structures and the water pressure in the underlying aquifer. Analysis shows that reduction of confinement due to mining is the major cause of the water-conducting failure in the floor strata. The depth of the failure zone is strongly dependent on the mining width. This paper also presents field observation results of the water-conducting failure in the floor strata, and applies the finite element method coupled with stress-dependent permeability to analyze hydraulic conductivity enhancement due to coal extraction. Finally, theoretical and empirical methods to predict water inrushes are given, and technical measures for improving mine design and safety for coal extraction over aquifers are presented. These measures include fault and fracture grouting and mining method modification such as changing long-wall to short-wall mining.     

常压渣油热反应过程中胶体的稳定性

利用质量分数电导率方法研究了中东和克拉玛依常压渣油在热反应过程中胶体的稳定性。结果表明，随着反应时间的增长，在热反应生焦诱导期内，渣油的胶体稳定性迅速下降；开始生焦后，胶体稳定性缓慢下降。从中东常压渣油的SARA四组分的数均相对分子质量、碳氢元素组成、平均芳碳率等方面探讨了中东常压渣油在热反应过程中胶体稳定性下降的原因。结果表明，在热反应中，由于裂解和缩聚反应的共同作用，使渣油的沥青质和饱和分含量上升，芳香分含量下降，胶质含量变化不大；随着热反应的进行，四组分的数均相对分子质量均呈下降趋势，导致了渣油胶体稳定性的下降并发生生焦反应。     

The Effect of Structural Defects on the Thermal Conductivity of ZnS, ZnSe, and CdTe Polycrystals

ZnS, ZnSe, and CdTe polycrystals are experimentally investigated. Mechanisms are treated which restrict the thermal conductivity in samples prepared by recrystallization pressing and by deposition from the vapor phase and subjected to additional strain. Anomalies are observed on the temperature dependences of the thermal resistance of investigated samples, which are due to the special features of their phonon spectra and to the variation of the contribution made by longitudinal and transverse phonon branches to the heat transfer in the Debye temperature region and higher.     

Theory of Seepage into an Auger Hole in a Confined Aquifer Overlying a Gravel Substratum

An analytical solution is presented to the problem of steady groundwater flow seeping into a pumped cylindrical hole partially penetrating a homogeneous and anisotropic confined aquifer overlying a gravel substratum. Solutions are obtained for two general cases of the problem: (1) when the level of the pumped hole is below the confining layer; (2) when it is above it. The validity of the proposed theory is tested by comparing analytical predictions obtained for a few flow situations with corresponding results obtained by numerical means. The theory presented here can be utilized to convert the rate of rise of water in a pumped auger hole into directional conductivities of soil, in areas where water is found to be in a confined state overlying a gravel substratum. The study shows that the conductivity values calculated by neglecting the confining pressure of an artesian aquifer with a gravel base [i.e., by applying the existing (Boast and Kirkham in 1971), auger hole seepage theory for a phreatic aquifer with a gravel base to confined situations] may result in serious error; hence, the artesian head of an aquifer must be accounted for while computing the conductivity values. Further, it is observed that the area contributing flow to a pumped auger hole/well with a gravel base is mostly restricted to a short radial distance from the center of the hole, particularly for situations where the gravel substratum is located close to the bottom of the hole. This is in contrast to auger hole flow situations overlying an impervious substratum, where the domain contributing flow is mostly spread out to a considerable distance from the center of the hole.     

Some factors affecting the electrical properties of carbon-black-loaded butyl rubber during vulcanization

Butyl rubber mixtures loaded with 70 phr general purpose furnace black (GPF) and tetramethyl thiuram disulphide (TMTD)/S as vulcanizing system were prepared. The kinetics of their electrical conductivity development during the vulcanization process were followed by using an especially devised system. It was found that the increase in the electrical conductivity during vulcanization obeys an exponential growth function with time constant τ, which markedly decreases with increasing vulcanization temperature as well as with the efficiency of the vulcanizing system. After completion of the vulcanization process, about 80 min, the samples obtained possess reasonable stability and reproducibility of electrical conductivity.     

Electronic Sensing of Aromatic Volatiles for Quality Sorting of Blueberries

An electronic sniffer using semi-conductor gas sensors that nondestructively measured aromatic volatile gas emissions from fruit was developed to assess blueberry quality. The sniffer detected soft and damaged fruit in packaged containers at a 5% level of damage and distinguished four of five fruit ripeness classes: (1) mature-green and green-pink; (2) blue-pink; (3) blue; and (4) ripe fruit. Sniffer response increased as fruit ripened, as did total concentration of aromatic volatiles. Sniffer response correlated with berry firmness, pH, titratable acidity, and color, and detected differences among 10 cultivars, as did impact response analysis. The electronic sniffer is rapid, nondestructive and may be used to sort and quality check for presence of unripe or damaged fruit in closed packs of fresh berries.     

Unconventional Charge Density Wave Arising from Electron–Phonon Interaction

We report of a theoretical study on quasi-one dimensional unconventional charge density wave (UCDW) driven by electron–phonon interaction. Within mean field theory, we find that the wavevector dependence of the coupling leads to a momentum dependent single particle gap on the Fermi surface. The presence of small energy single particle excitations around the gap nodes significantly changes the optical conductivity compared to the conventional CDW result. In addition to that, the collective phase excitation arising from fluctuation of the order parameter leads to further qualitative changes of the conductivity and results in an effective mass that is nonmonotonic in temperature.      

利用阵列感应测井资料反演地层径向电导率

采用阵列感应测井仪测得的具有不同径向探测深度的5条电导率曲线完成了井中径向电导率分布反演。径向侵入剖面模型由冲洗带、原状地层和从冲洗带到原状地层的过渡带3部分组成。该侵入剖面模型较传统的仅由冲洗带和原状地层构成的台阶状侵入剖面模型更加接近地层径向侵入剖面的真实情况。与台阶状侵入剖面模型相对应的参数模型包括冲洗带电导率、原状地层电导率和侵入半径3个参数。而与含有过渡带的新侵入剖面模型相对应的参数模型除包括冲洗带电导率、原状地层电导率和过渡带中点半径外，还有一个反映过渡带电导率变化的指数N0根据反演得到的过渡带中点半径和指数N可以求出过渡带起点半径和过渡带终点半径。而且根据反演过程中采用的正演响应函数可以计算出任意径向深度处过渡带的电导率值。数值试验结果说明了该方法的正确性，实际资料处理结果说明了该方法的有效性。     

Thermal Conductivity Measurement of an Electron-Beam Physical-Vapor-Deposition Coating

An industrial ceramic thermal-barrier coating designated PWA 266, processed by electron-beam physical-vapor deposition, was measured using a steady-state thermal conductivity technique. The thermal conductivity of the mass fraction 7 % yttria-stabilized zirconia coating was measured from 100 °C to 900 °C. Measurements on three thicknesses of coatings, 170 μm, 350 μm, and 510 μm resulted in thermal conductivity in the range from 1.5 W/(m·K) to 1.7 W/(m·K) with a combined relative standard uncertainty of 20 %. The thermal conductivity is not significantly dependent on temperature.     

考虑介质变形和长期导流能力的裂缝性气藏压裂产能模拟研究

在气藏开采过程中，由于孔隙压力的不断降低，使得介质变形而导致渗透率的变化，进而影响井的产量。针对这一问题，提出了各种流体与固体耦合的数值模拟模型。然而，对于裂缝性储层和多相渗流问题，流固耦合模型中许多参数不易获取，且求解难度很大，使得耦合模型存在一定的应用局限性。很少有文献在气井产能模拟时将介质变形和就地的长期导流能力加以综合考虑。文章考虑介质变形引起的天然裂缝渗透率的变化和裂缝导流能力随时间递减的影响，建立了裂缝性气藏压裂后气水两相渗流数学模型，推导出了数值计算模型；本模型易于编程求解，对于研究裂缝性气藏的渗流特征，特别是进行单井压后产能预测具有一定的实用意义。计算表明：不考虑介质变形和导流能力递减所预测的气产量偏高；目前普遍使用的气藏数值模拟软件中，假定渗透率、裂缝导流能力为常数，以致模拟计算结果比实际偏高。