External CFRP tendon members: Secondary reactions and moment redistribution

The response of prestress secondary reactions in the post-elastic range has been a topic of much controversy. Due to the brittleness of FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) composites, external FRP tendon members may have different moment redistribution characteristics compared to conventional concrete members. This paper presents a numerical investigation into the secondary reactions and moment redistribution in prestressed concrete continuous members with external CFRP tendons. The investigation parameters include the initial prestress level and the pattern of loading. The secondary reactions are computed using a newly developed method based on the linear transformation concept combined with a nonlinear finite element analysis. The results indicate that the secondary reactions increase quicker after concrete cracking and nonprestressed steel yielding. As a consequence, the secondary moment should be included in the design moment. The moment redistribution behavior for symmetrical loading is shown to be quite different from that for unsymmetrical loading. The study also shows that the effect of initial prestress on the moment redistribution is rather important.     

Microstructural evolution after thermomechanical processing in an equiatomic,single-phase CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy with special focus on twin boundaries

The FCC-structured equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy was produced by arc melting and drop casting. After homogenization, the drop-cast ingots were cold rolled to sheets with six different final thicknesses (thickness reductions of 21, 41, 61, 84, 92 and 96%). Samples were cut from the rolled sheets and annealed for 1 h at temperatures between 400 and 1000 °C. The recrystallization temperature was then determined as a function of cold work by means of scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction measurements. Additionally, Vickers indentation was performed on these samples. It was found that the microhardness first tends to increase slightly upon annealing below the recrystallization temperature but then drops steeply for higher annealing temperatures due to the onset of recrystallization. To study grain growth kinetics, samples that underwent 96% cold rolling were first recrystallized for 1 h at 800 °C, which is the lowest temperature at which complete recrystallization occurs, and then annealed at temperatures between 800 and 1150 °C for various times. The grain growth exponent was determined to be approximately n = 3, and the activation energy Q = 325 kJ/mol, both of which agree well with published values for this alloy. EBSD measurements were made in the as-recrystallized and grain growth samples to analyze the annealing twins. The density of annealing twins in the grain growth samples was found to depend only on grain size, i.e., it was independent of annealing temperature and time. No such correlation could be found for the as-recrystallized samples. These observations are discussed in the framework of existing theories for the formation of annealing twins.     

TEM analysis of 2205 duplex stainless steel to determine orientation relationship between M23C6 carbide and austenite matrix at 950 °C

Microstructures of 2205 duplex stainless steel were examined using transmission electron microscopy. During isothermal heating at 950 °C, M₂₃C₆ carbide was formed on the austenite grain boundaries with two types of morphologies: “larva” and “triangle”. The orientation relationship between the M₂₃C₆ carbide and the austenite matrix is cubic-to-cubic. In addition, these two types of precipitates have a twin relationship with each other. Based on the STEM-EDS data, the silicon content of triangle M₂₃C₆ carbide is higher than that of the larva M₂₃C₆ carbide, revealing that the silicon content in the M₂₃C₆ carbide plays an important role in determining the orientation relationship between the M₂₃C₆ carbide and the austenite matrix.     

Size effect on IMC growth induced by Cu concentration gradient and pinning of Ag3Sn particles during multiple reflows

Size effect on growth kinetics of interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC), induced by Cu concentration gradient and pinning effect of Ag₃Sn particles during multiple reflows, was investigated in this article. The simulation results, for Cu distributions in solder bulks of different volumes after a single reflow for 60 s at 250 °C, show that Cu concentration gradient in liquid increases with the growing size of solder bump. On the contrary, resistive pressure of nano particles decreases gradually with the increasing bump size. In conclusion, the pinning effect of Ag₃Sn particles on IMC grains plays a dominant role in small samples, whereas the inhibiting effect of Cu concentration gradient is mainly functional in big samples. Combining the two factors, solder bump in an intermediate diameter of 800 μm benefits most and has the largest IMC thickness during multiple reflows.     

Improving post irradiation stability of high density polyethylene by multi walled carbon nanotubes

Sterilization of implants and other clinical accessories is an integral part of any medical application. Although many materials are used as implants, polyethylene stands unique owing to its versatility. Carbon nanotubes are being used as a filler material to enhance the properties of polyethylene. However, the role of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an effective antioxidant and radical scavenger in resisting the deteriorating effects of sterilization is yet to be studied in detail. The present work is aimed to investigate the mechanical properties and oxidation stability of irradiated high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced by MWCNTs with various concentrations such as 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00 wt.%. The composites were exposed to ⁶⁰Co source in air and irradiated at different dosage level starting from 25 to 100 kGy and then shelf aged for a period of 120 days prior to investigation. The loss in toughness, Young’s modulus and ultimate strength at 100 kGy for 1 wt.% MWCNTs composite were found to be 21.5%, 20.3% and 19.2%, respectively compared to that of unirradiated composite. FTIR and ESR studies confirmed the antioxidant and radical scavenging potentialities of MWCNTs with increased concentration and irradiation dosage. It was found that by the addition of 1 wt.% MWCNTs into virgin HDPE, the oxidation index of the composite at 100 kGy was decreased by 56.2%. It is concluded that the addition of MWCNTs into polyethylene not only limits the loss of mechanical properties but also improves its post irradiation oxidative stability.     

同步热分析法研究超级铝热剂Al/MnO2的热安定性

A型车动车转向架扭转阻力测试试验研究

谭富星，刘洪涛，刘诗慧，张镇川，张鹏

（中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司，长春 130062）

摘要：

转阻力系数是转向架重要的运行参数，直接影响着轨道车辆的动力学性能。A型轨道车辆动车转向架扭转阻力参数测试通过理论计算、动力学仿真和试验验证等手段进行研究。通过对不同的空簧状态、空簧刚度和扭转速度等工况的分析和试验表明，扭转阻力系数与车辆通过曲线时的曲线半径相关性强；扭转阻力系数随着空簧水平刚度变化而变化；同时扭转阻力系数随扭转速度的增长而逐渐增大。在不同空簧状态和不同扭转速度的工况下的试验检定表明：扭转阻力系数随着扭转速度的增加而上升；抗蛇行减振器产生作用于转向架上的扭转阻力矩，且该力矩随着扭转速度增加而上升。试验结果表明理论分析、动力学仿真与真实转向架台架试验验证结果相吻合，试验满足EN14363中的要求和车辆安全操作指导。

关键词：A型车辆，动车转向架，扭转角，扭转阻力系数，扭转转速

     

Effect of pectin and hemicellulose removal from hemp fibres on the mechanical properties of unidirectional hemp/epoxy composites

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pectin and hemicellulose removal from hemp fibres on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre/epoxy composites. Pectin removal by EDTA and endo-polygalacturonase (EPG) removed epidermal and parenchyma cells from hemp fibres and improved fibre separation. Hemicellulose removal by NaOH further improved fibre surface cleanliness. Removal of epidermal and parenchyma cells combined with improved fibre separation decreased composite porosity factor. As a result, pectin removal increased composite stiffness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Hemicellulose removal increased composite stiffness, but decreased composite UTS due to removal of xyloglucans. In comparison of all fibre treatments, composites with 0.5% EDTA + 0.2% EPG treated fibres had the highest tensile strength of 327 MPa at fibre volume content of 50%. Composites with 0.5% EDTA + 0.2% EPG → 10% NaOH treated fibres had the highest stiffness of 43 GPa and the lowest porosity factor of 0.04.     

Reactive extrusion: A useful process to manufacture structurally modified PLA/o-MMT composites

In the present work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) sheets reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (o-MMT) were manufactured through reactive extrusion-calendering using a masterbatch approach in a pilot plant. Reaction monitoring analysis suggests the occurrence of premature reactions between o-MMT and the reactive agent; lowering further structural changes in the polymeric matrix. While calendered sheets exhibited a homogenous and preferential distribution of clay particles in MD, the coexistence of mixed structures, involving tactoids of various sizes as well as intercalated clay layers was observed. However, a higher and finer dispersion of o-MMT particles was achieved through clay–polymer tethering via chain extender molecules. Under tensile loading, the aforementioned clay dispersion enhanced multiple cavitation processes, notably improving PLA shear flow.     

Two guaranteed equilibrated error estimators for Harmonic formulations in eddy current problems

In this paper a guaranteed equilibrated error estimator is developed for the 3D harmonic magnetodynamic problem of Maxwell’s system. This system is recasted in the classical $\mathbf{A}?\phi$ potential formulation and solved by the Finite Element method. The error estimator is built starting from the $\mathbf{A}?\phi$ numerical solution by a local flux reconstruction technique. Its equivalence with the error in the energy norm is established. A comparison of this estimator with an equilibrated error estimator already developed through a complementary problem points out the advantages and drawbacks of these two estimators. In particular, an analytical benchmark test illustrates the obtained theoretical results and a physical benchmark test shows the efficiency of these two estimators.     

基于GAL的89C52串口扩展电路设计

本文介绍了一种通过GAL可编程芯片替代传统的逻辑芯片。扩展89C52单片机串行通讯接口的方法。给出了通过在Protel99SE嵌套的PLD99的开发环境下，对可编程逻辑器件设计的实现过程，并且将这种方法应用到实际工作。通过对GALl6V8芯片进行编程，成功的解决了一台计算机对三台现场仪表采样数据不定期发送串口数据的收集问题；采用定时芯片Intel82C53，为三路串口扩展芯片Intel82C51A提供时基。可以实现输入的三路串口数据采用各自的波特率。通过对CPU芯片的编程。实现了通讯功能。通过实际测试，可以达到预期效果，数据传输稳定、可靠。