新型内循环石油焦燃烧器烧焦管内颗粒流动特性

针对石油焦及其气化余焦的燃烧和流化特性,自建了冷态实验装置。以石英砂颗粒作为固体物料,常温空气为流化介质,在烧焦管内表观气速为3.07~6.63 m/s,颗粒循环强度为24.7~154.2 kg/(m2.s)的条件下,采用DDY型差压变送器和脉冲磷光颗粒示踪法分别测量了烧焦管内的床层轴向平均固含率分布和颗粒停留时间分布规律。结果表明,当表观气速为3.96 m/s时,随着颗粒循环强度的提高,烧焦管相同高度处平均固含率分布增大;当颗粒循环强度为106.5 kg/(m2.s)时,随着烧焦管内表观气速的提高,烧焦管整个高度上的平均固含率分布减小。烧焦管内颗粒的扩散由弥散颗粒扩散和颗粒团扩散组成。建立了烧焦管内床层轴向平均固含率关联式及颗粒的轴向扩散模型,模型的计算值与实验值能较好地吻合。     

复杂深井尾管固井及回接技术实践

尾管悬挂固井是一种工程经济效益较高、注水泥环空阻力较低且有利于改善套管柱轴向设计和再钻进水力条件的固井方法，常常应用于深井超深井的固井作业。鄯科1井是一口科学探索井，完井尾管具有井径极不规则（实测井径扩大率最大为139.82%，最小为－6.02%）、施工压力高（15~20 MPa）、封固段长（考虑水泥余量的情况下封固段可长达1500 m）和尾管回接固井要求封固两头且不使用分级注水泥等难点。文章针对固井难点，总结出一套适用于复杂深井尾管及其回接固井的优化设计关键技术，它主要包括管串选择、套管扶正器加法、水泥浆体系优选、施工压力校核和配套工艺措施。实践证明，这些技术对类似井的固井作业具有实际的参考价值。     

长垣东部深井井壁失稳及技术对策

大庆油田在长垣东部深层油气田勘探开发过程中存在井眼不稳定问题。在对深层失稳井段资料调研的基础上，开展了易塌地层泥页岩水化膨胀及分散特性评价以及比亲水量研究。通过泥页岩--试液模拟作用的化学位差反渗透实验以及压力传递实验等，探讨了不同条件下泥页岩水化应力变化规律。利用井壁稳定性模拟实验装置（SHM仪），评价了不同钻井液防塌效果。理论分析和实验表明，当使用水基钻井液在复杂泥页岩地层钻进时，如何控制泥页岩压力传递和流体侵入是解决泥页岩井壁不稳的技术关键。使用长垣东部深层泥页岩与硅酸盐钻井液作用的实验表明，硅酸盐钻井液能显著降低泥岩渗透率，阻止钻井液滤液与孔隙压力的传递，改善膜效率，有助于充分发挥化学位差诱导的反渗透防塌作用效果。     

An application of expert systems techniques to the on-line control and fault diagnosis of a mixing process

An application of expert hierarchical control is described in this paper. The control is implemented in a two-level configuration, where the lower layer performs direct regulation control and the upper layer performs supervisory functions. In the regulation layer, a rule-based controller performs the regulation task, where the controller is constructed upon causal relations between subsystems. The control action is inferred from the measurement of both controlled and noncontrolled variables. In the supervisory layer, the main function is a fault diagnosis system which diagnoses faults on-line. The diagnosis is based upon reasoning from the structure of the system and the functions of its components, and efficient diagnosis is achieved by dividing the system into several subsystems. The overall technique has been successfully implemented on a pilot scale mixing process under on-line computer control.     

震源延迟叠加技术及应用效果

延迟叠加爆炸是针对高分辨率和深层地震勘探而提出来的一种激发方式。这种激发方式能在保证地震分辨率的前提下有效提高地震波能量 ,在地震波的入射角范围内 ,有效克服非球形炸药激发引起的地震波传播的方向性。应用弹性波动力学对多级延迟爆炸进行理论研究 ,结合实际试验资料 ,研究了延迟爆炸情况下激发参数对地震波能量、主频、频宽等的影响。从几何地震学出发 ,分析了不同时间激发的地震波在地下空间中的干涉情况 ,对其能量传播的方向性进行了研究。理论分析和试验效果表明 ,延迟叠加震源与相同药量的普通震源相比 ,激发地震波的主频高 ,频带宽 ,增强了下传能量 ,降低了次生干扰 ,在高分辨率和深层地震勘探中具有明显的优势。     

土钉支护在深基坑开挖中的应用

深圳某银行办公楼的深基坑支护采用了土钉支护，不但保证了施工质量，而且缩短了工期，减少了投资，以此工程为例介绍了土钉支护的土力学参数计算、结构设计、施工方案、技术措施和取得的显著效果。     

An investigation of carbon nanotube jet grinding

Since their observation in 1976 and 1991, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have generated much interest due to their properties and potential applications. CNTs are tubular carbon molecules with remarkable mechanical, electrical, chemical and thermal properties, which make them useful in various applications. Industries producing CNTs via the fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition technique face challenges related to the size of CNT bundles. The two main challenges are agglomeration and agglomerate size distribution control. A solution to these challenges involves the use of jet mills to grind the CNT agglomerates. The goal of this study was to determine whether the nanotubes could be ground with air jets using a commercial jet mill and apply a two-parameter model to describe the grinding process. The present study has indicated that air-jet grinding of CNTs is feasible with a typical commercial jet mill. This paper presents the effect of operational parameters on the arithmetic mean diameter of the ground product. Sonic velocity through the grinding nozzles was required to obtain reasonable grinding rates and relatively narrow particle size distributions. This occurs at high air to solids feedrate ratios. Additionally, a simple attrition model can describe the grinding process in the spiral jet mill.     

Empirical modelling of shear strength of RC deep beams by genetic programming

This paper investigates the feasibility of using genetic programming (GP) to create an empirical model for the complicated non-linear relationship between various input parameters associated with reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams and their ultimate shear strength. GP is a relatively new form of artificial intelligence, and is based on the ideas of Darwinian theory of evolution and genetics. The size and structural complexity of the empirical model are not specified in advance, but these characteristics evolve as part of the prediction. The engineering knowledge on RC deep beams is also included in the search process through the use of appropriate mathematical functions.The model produced by GP is constructed directly from a set of experimental results available in the literature. The validity of the obtained model is examined by comparing its response with the shear strength of the training and other additional datasets. The developed model is then used to study the relationships between the shear strength and different influencing parameters. The predictions obtained from GP agree well with experimental observations.     

大尺寸重负荷尾管悬挂器的研制与应用

尾管固井可降低固井成本、提高固井质量,随着井深的增加和井身结构的变化,大尺寸尾管固井作业越来越多,其应用的成败直接影响着固井的质量。目前国内所用的大尺寸尾管悬挂装置多为进口产品,成本较高,为此,研制了SSX-A型?339.7mm×?244.5mm双锥双液缸液压尾管悬挂器。通过室内性能测试和现场成功应用表明,该悬挂器结构合理、性能可靠,具有悬挂负荷大,倒扣丢手操作简单易行,密封机构可随送入工具一同提出,不需下钻钻除等特点,各项技术指标达到国外同类产品水平,具有广泛的推广应用前景。     

深井塑性水泥浆体系研究

在深井的固井过程中经帮会面临大段盐膏层固井问题。深井本身具有井深、温度高、水泥环薄的特点，再加上地层盐水的侵入而使水泥浆性能发生变化，加大了固井难度；而且一般水泥石本身具有硬和脆的性质，易受后续施工、射孔或地下复杂作用力的影响而发生脆裂，或与套管、井壁剥离。采用以改性纤维为主要材料的早强增塑剂QA研究出了深井抗盐塑性水泥浆体系。对塑性水泥浆的惜规性能和抗盐、抗温能力及密度可调性进行了试验分析研究。试验结果表明，加入QA的水泥浆的惜规性能指标与不加QA的水泥浆接近，但水泥石抗裂程度明显提高，抗压强度增加25％～30％，7d的抗冲击韧性提高16．6％～22．3％，抗折强度提高18％～21％，弹性模量降低约17％；而且水泥浆抗盐性能优良，使用温度和密度范围宽，与各类外加剂配伍性好，流变性好，直角稠化，强度发展快，粘接强度高，有利于复杂地层的固井施工；工艺简单，操作方便，适宜现场推广运用。