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61.
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63.
在“经济合理的生态用水量”概念及计算模型的基础上,以北京市为例,把该市的用水分为工业用水、农业用水、生活用水、第三产业用水、生态环境用水5个部分,分别计算各部分的用水效益,通过模型计算得出了符合北京市水资源实际情况的水资源分配数量。结果表明,在满足北京市经济用水和生活用水的基础上,经过模型计算调整后的用水效率从26.81元/m3提高到32.49元/m3,提高了20.42%。 相似文献
64.
Cost estimates to guide pre-selection of processes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A process is a method of shaping, joining or surface-treating a material. Process selection has three steps. The first is to identify from the ‘menu’ of all available processes, the subset, which can give a chosen material the desired shape with the desired detail, precision and finish. The second is to choose, from among these, the ones that will do so at the lowest cost. The final step is to investigate the most promising processes in depth, exploring considerations such as availability, in-house experience, safety and environmental issues. The first two steps can be thought of as process pre-selection. Components have to be assembled and finished to create products. Here too, the ability to rank by cost, however crudely, helps guide pre-selection. Cost models are reviewed from the perspective of material and process selection. An approximate model is useful provided it has generality—that is, it must allow comparison of very different processes. Many approaches fail in this. One that works, based on resource consumption, is developed here and its use for selection is illustrated. It has been implemented as part of a tool that allows rapid pre-selection from a database of 112 processes. 相似文献
65.
The purpose of this paper is the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of an elastomeric material, through detailed experimental and numerical procedures, specific to large strains. The experimental technique is based on in-plane kinematics measurements using a speckle extensometer, from which the whole two-dimensional field of in-plane displacements is obtained by a digital image processing [Polymer (2002)]. This part of the work concerns the identification of the constitutive equation for a carbon black natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate. We start by quoting some theoretical considerations relative to rubber elasticity and stress-softening effect, which is the counterpart of the filler reinforcement. Then, we describe the experimental procedure and present data for both non-preconditioned and preconditioned samples. Next, the identification of the constitutive law parameters using a minimization algorithm is driven. Finally, we present the validation of the constitutive model, by its implementation into the finite element code SYSTUS and the numerical simulation of the response of a double edge notched tensile (DENT) specimen. 相似文献
66.
Faith Myles S.; Fontaine Kevin R.; Baskin Monica L.; Allison David B. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,133(2):205
The authors reviewed the evidential basis of three environmental approaches to reducing population obesity: What are the effects of (a) taxing or subsidizing foods, (b) manipulating the ease of food access, and (c) restricting access to certain foods? A narrative review evaluated evidence using National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria. There was strong evidence that subsidization influences food purchases, but not necessarily food consumption or body weight. Ease of food access may influence food purchases, and possibly food intake and body weight. Data on restriction were lacking. More studies are needed to justify that altering these macro-environmental variables will necessarily reduce population obesity. A proposed conceptual model posits that the steps through environmental interventions may exert intended and unintended influences on body weight and obesity prevalence. Contemplated policy changes should weigh scientific evidence with social judgments and values concerning changes to the environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
67.
Denis Rodrigue 《加拿大化工杂志》2002,80(2):289-292
Recently, the author (Rodrigue, 2001 a, b) proposed a generalized correlation for the steady rise of gas bubbles in uncontaminated viscous Newtonian fluids of infinite extent. It is the purpose of this note to show that this model can be modified for inelastic non‐Newtonian power‐law fluids. Using data taken from six different studies, it is shown that the modified model can predict quite nicely the bubble velocity for these non‐Newtonian inelastic fluids. 相似文献
68.
Zhang Sheng-ming Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute Wuhan Hubei P. R. China 《水动力学研究与进展(B辑)》1992,(2)
Through a series of model tests of five scales for 2-D free hydraulic jump, the da-ta of fluctuating pressure acting on the floor level within the hydraulic jump were obtained. Dur-ing the experiments, Froude number varied from 2.94 to 8.61, and Reynolds number rangedfrom 2×10~4 to 6×10~5. Experiment results indicate that the amplitude scale of fluctuating pres-sure is the length scale of model, i. e. P'=L, which agrees with gravity similarity law: Thefrequency scale of the fluctuating pressure is a unity i. e., f=1, which does not satisfy thegravity similarity law. 相似文献
69.
Namoi Shibasaki Ryousuke Obika Toshikuni Yonemoto Teiriki Tadaki 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1995,63(3):201-208
Suspension cultures of tobacco cells were studied using airlift and rotary-drum bioreactors. The effect of initial concentrations of a major substrate, sucrose, on the growth and production of a secondary metabolite, phenolic compounds, was investigated. The dry weights and total concentrations of the phenolic compounds increased with the initial sucrose concentration in both bioreactors. Both bioreactors were found to have the same tendency for the effect of initial sucrose concentration. The structured model, presented previously was modified by considering that sucrose was hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose by an enzymatic reaction. The previous and the new models were applied to the above two sets of experimental data obtained with two bioreactors, independently. The hydrolysis of sucrose was elucidated to contribute slightly to the overall kinetics of growth and secondary metabolite production in these cultures. Furthermore, the levels of shear damage in each bioreactor were quantitatively compared based on the death rate constant, ki, which is one of the model constants. 相似文献
70.
V. A. Roginsky T. K. Barsukova A. A. Remorova W. Bors 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(6):777-786
The relative reactivities as well as the stoichiometric coefficients for a number of flavonoids, catechols, and—for comparison—standard
phenolic antioxidants were determined by analyzing the kinetics of oxygen consumption in organic and micellar systems, with
peroxidation initiated by lipid- and water-soluble azo initiators. The results demonstrated that the flavonoids did not behave
as classic phenolic antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, but showed only moderate chain-breaking activities. The results were
in line with other structure-activity relationship studies on the importance of the B-ring catechol structure, the 2,3-double
bond, and the 3,5-hydroxy groups. The data are discussed in view of possible explanations of the deviations flavonoids reveal
in their behavior compared with regular phenolic antioxidants. 相似文献