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101.
Nucleation Mechanism for Bainite 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Based on the experimental results that solute-depleted zone was observed in Cu-28Zn-4AI (mass fraction) at 523 K, AG is calculated as a positive according to the thermodynamic criteria for the spinodal decomposition of a ternary systems. So, the solute-depleted zone cannot be formed by spinodal decomposition. Dislocation density required by the formation of solute-depleted zone is estimated greater than 7.89×109 cm-2, according to the segregation of solute atoms around dislocations, which is not consistent with the practical situation for the alloy at 523 K. Associated with the internal friction experimental fact that internal friction peaks appear within the incubation for bainitic transformation in Cu-Zn-AI alloy, the equilibrium temperature, TO, is evaluated as 433 K for solute-depleted Cu-25Zn-3.4AI, which is lower than the experimental temperature 523 K. Thus, nucleation by shear mechanism is impossible in this circumstance. Therefore, it is concluded that, like bainite in steels and Ag-Cd, bainite in 相似文献
102.
103.
The kinetics of changes in the bound water content in dietetic sucrose-free sponge cakes (DC) during storage was investigated. The effect of edible films of polymyxan, pectin, xanthan, and carboxymethylcellulose upon this kinetics was also investigated. The quantitative changes in both states of water (slightly bound water and strongly bound water) were registered by combined dynamic analysis (thermogravimetry analysis, TGA, and differential thermal analysis, DTA). The moisture changes in DC crumb were analyzed by drying out to constant mass. The rate constants were determined according the equation q = qoe-kt. The values of rate constants 'k', in day-1, concerning the different edible films were as follows: for crumb moisture is (8.00 ≤ k ≤ 12.47) × 10-3, for bound water is (3.07 ≤ kw ≤ 6.26) × 10-2, for slightly bound water is (4.22 ≤ k1 ≤ 8.49) × 10-2 and for strongly bound water is (2.02 ≤ k2 ≤ 5.62) × 10-2 as compared to 18.53 × 10-3, 7.16 × 10-2, 9.04 × 10-2, and 5.36 × 10-2 in the uncovered DC, respectively. The best water-retaining effect in respect to crumb moisture during storage was ascertained in the use of polymyxan and xanthan films. The lowest rate constant values for bound water and its two states were measured for DC covered with pectin. The relation between the kinetics of both bound water states during storage and ageing of the crumb of DC covered with different edible films and the crumb microstructure was represented. By means of scanning electron microscope was read the smallest change in crumb microstructure of pectin-covered DC on the sixth day of storage. 相似文献
104.
Modeling and assimilation of root zone soil moisture using remote sensing observations in Walnut Gulch Watershed during SMEX04 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Soil moisture status in the root zone is an important component of the water cycle at all spatial scales (e.g., point, field, catchment, watershed, and region). In this study, the spatio-temporal evolution of root zone soil moisture of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in Arizona was investigated during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2004 (SMEX04). Root zone soil moisture was estimated via assimilation of aircraft-based remotely sensed surface soil moisture into a distributed Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant (SWAP) model. An ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) based on a Kalman filtering scheme was used for assimilating the aircraft-based soil moisture observations at a spatial resolution of 800 m × 800 m. The SWAP model inputs were derived from the SSURGO soil database, LAI (Leaf Area Index) data from SMEX04 database, and data from meteorological stations/rain gauges at the WGEW. Model predictions are presented in terms of temporal evolution of soil moisture probability density function at various depths across the WGEW. The assimilation of the remotely sensed surface soil moisture observations had limited influence on the profile soil moisture. More specifically, root zone soil moisture depended mostly on the soil type. Modeled soil moisture profile estimates were compared to field measurements made periodically during the experiment at the ground based soil moisture stations in the watershed. Comparisons showed that the ground-based soil moisture observations at various depths were within ± 1 standard deviation of the modeled profile soil moisture. Density plots of root zone soil moisture at various depths in the WGEW exhibited multi-modal variations due to the uneven distribution of precipitation and the heterogeneity of soil types and soil layers across the watershed. 相似文献
105.
Vatroslav Bubalo Vjekoslav Jerolimov Ivo Bau
i Mladen Andreis Zorica Veksli 《Polymer International》2005,54(5):848-853
The electron‐spin‐resonance (ESR) spin‐probe method, was used to study the heterogeneity of denture resins based on poly(methyl methacrylate). Results for three resins processed by microwave energy, conventional curing and cold curing (depending on the curing procedure and exposed to ageing in various environmental conditions) were compared. All three cured resins were stored over the same time (1200 h) in distilled water at ambient temperature and in artificial saliva at 348 K. The temperature‐dependent ESR spectra of a spin probe dispersed in the denture resins are analyzed in terms of line‐shapes and line‐widths. The appearance of two spectral components was taken as an indication of resin heterogeneity. The results reveal that the cold‐cured resin has a lower local density in comparison with microwave and conventionally cured resin. The amount of residual monomer also contributes to the local motion of polymer segments. The change of denture resins exposed to ageing is influenced both by the structure of the original resin and the ageing conditions. Restricted motion of a spin probe incorporated into the acrylic resins exposed to accelerated ageing suggests additional crosslinking of polymer chains. The differences are observed for all the investigated resins, but the highest change is observed with the cold‐cured resin. The ESR results are accompanied by Tg and Tm measurements. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
106.
Due to their small size, mammalian oocytes and embryos pose unique problems during preparation for transmission electron microscopy. This paper outlines a method which combines protein embedding with centrifugation to locate the specimens on the face of a Beem capsule mould. This method facilitates both the processing of oocytes with minimal loss and rapid location of the specimens within the block for simultaneous sectioning, staining and examination. 相似文献
107.
T. A. Hall 《Journal of microscopy》1991,164(1):67-79
When a microregion in a thin section of frozen-dried and embedded tissue is analysed by the conventional electron-probe X-ray continuum-normalization method, the measured quantity is in mmol of element per kg of embedded specimen. As each microregion contains an unknown amount of embedding medium, this quantity generally lies indeterminately somewhere within the wide range between mmol of element per kg of hydrated tissue and mmol of element per kg of dehydrated tissue. However, if a ‘tag’ element is incorporated in the embedding medium, the contribution of the medium to the local continuum count in each probed field should be measurable, and the X-ray data may then unambiguously yield mmol of element per kg of dehydrated tissue. This result should not be affected by shrinkage on freeze-drying or by incomplete replacement of water by embedding medium. The same X-ray data can additionally provide estimates of mmol of element per unit volume, mmol of element per kg of hydrated tissue and local dry-mass fraction. However, these estimates are subject to errors due to tissue shrinkage, incomplete replacement of water and beam damage. 相似文献
108.
Colour Centres and Energy Transfer in BaF2-xClx:Eu2+ Phosphors 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The optical absorption spectra of BaF2-xClx:Eu2 after ultraviolet (UV) light excitation were investigated.The differences between the absorption spectra after and before excitation (DAS) were observed.The DAS increase at both the high and the low energy side of F band in BaF2-xClx:Eu2 after 245 nm UV light excitation.The bleach effect of UV light and the absorption of electrons in the valence band may account for the former and the formation of Fa centres (association of F(Cl-) centres), whose absorption band matches the HeNe laser better, may explain the latter.In the write-in process, the transfer of electrons is via tunneling.In the readout process, the transfer of electrons captured in F(F-) and Fa centres is more likely via tunneling, and that of F(Cl-) centres is more likely via conduction band. 相似文献
109.
110.