A Versatile Buffer Layer for Polymer Solar Cells: Rendering Surface Potential by Regulating Dipole

Spin‐coated film of poly(vinylidenefluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF‐HFP)) acts as a cathode/anode buffer layer in polymer solar cells (PSCs) with conventional/inverted device structures. Such devices show optimized performances comparable with the controlled device, making P(VDF‐HFP) a good substitute for LiF/MoO₃ as a cathode/anode buffer layer. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and Kelvin force microscope (KFM) measurements show that increased surface potential of active layers improves cathode contact. In piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurement, P(VDF‐HFP) responds to applied bias in phase curve, showing tunable dipole. This tunable dipole renders surface potential under applied bias. As a result, open‐circuit voltage of devices alters instantly with poling voltage. Moreover, positive poling of P(VDF‐HFP) together with simultaneous oxidation of Ag gradually improves performance of inverted structure device. Integer charge transfer (ICT) model elucidates improved electrode contacts by dipole tuning, varying surface potential and vacuum level shift. Understanding the function of dipole makes P(VDF‐HFP) a promising and versatile buffer layer for PSCs.     

氧化铝陶瓷局部活化及选择性化学镀铜的研究

为解决陶瓷表面局部化学镀存在的问题,研制了一种针对氧化铝陶瓷局部化学镀铜前处理用的活化胶,其由具有活化能力的银盐(或钯盐)和粘稠的复合物有机载体组成.将活化胶印于氧化铝陶瓷表面,经500℃高温烧结形成局部活化层后,可直接置于化学镀液中进行镀铜处理,得到与印刷图形一致的局部镀铜层.利用电化学工作站测定样品在化学镀铜溶液中电位随时间的变化情况,考察不同活化条件对Cu2+还原的催化活性,利用SEM/EDS进行表面形貌及成分分析,确定了活化胶中银盐和钯盐的适宜浓度.结果表明,该两种活化胶应用于氧化铝陶瓷表面化学镀铜的活化工艺,可实现敏化活化的一步化,使陶瓷表面局部化学镀工艺流程简化,成本降低,具有较高的实用价值.     

青海都兰—玛多地区金多金属矿成矿特征及潜力分析

都兰-玛多地区属于秦祁昆早古生代造山系与青藏北特提斯晚古生代—中生代造山系的交接部位,区内具有多期不同类型构造活动,岩浆活动频繁,成矿地质条件优越。在对都兰-玛多地区区域地质背景综合研究的基础上,从化探方面对区内多金属矿床的成矿地质条件进行了分析,该成矿带金、铜、铅锌、铬、钼、锑等矿产找矿潜力巨大,并综合考虑区域矿床成因类型、地球化学、地球物理及矿产分布特征,将成矿带划分为6处(柴北缘Au-Pb-Zn-Co成矿带、昆北Fe多金属成矿带、昆中Au成矿带、昆南Cu-Co-Au成矿带、布青山—阿尼玛卿Cu-Au成矿带及鄂拉山Pb-Zn-Au-Ag成矿带),圈定出4个成矿远景区(柯柯赛Pb-Zn成矿远景区、满丈岗Au成矿远景区、哈图Cu-Co-Au成矿远景区及马尔争成矿远景区),这为该区域下一步找矿提供了方向。     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出黄铜矿中氧化还原电位、黄铁钾钒和胞外聚合物的关系和影响(英文)

在合成的胞外聚合物(EPS)溶液中,研究不同起始总铁量、不同Fe(III)与Fe(II)摩尔比条件下嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出黄铜矿过程中pH、电位、可溶性铁离子和Cu2+浓度随浸出时间的变化。结果表明:当溶液电位低于650mV(vsSHE)时,因细菌产生的EPS可通过絮凝黄铁钾钒延缓污染,即使铁离子浓度达到20g/L,黄铁钾钒对细菌浸出黄铜矿的阻碍作用也不是致命的,但随着铁离子浓度的增加而增加;细菌氧化的铁离子容易吸附在黄铜矿表面的EPS表层,有黄铁钾钒的EPS层是弱离子扩散壁垒,细菌通过把EPS空间内外的Fe2+氧化成Fe3+,进一步创造高于650mV的电位,导致EPS层离子扩散性能的快速恶化,严重地和不可逆地阻碍生物浸出黄铜矿。     

电位对天然黄铜矿表面膜层性质的影响

采用循环伏安（CV）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）研究黄铜矿在含有5×10-4mol/L乙黄药溶液中的电化学行为以及电位对黄铜矿表面膜层成分和性质的影响。结果表明：在开路电位（OCP）下,天然黄铜矿表面发生黄药阴离子的吸附过程;在阳极电位范围-0.11～0.2V内,主要发生黄药阴离子氧化形成疏水双黄药膜层的电化学过程。形成的双黄药膜层在电位为0V时具有较高覆盖度和较大的厚度,随着电位的增加表面双黄药膜层的覆盖度和厚度减小。当电位高于0.2V时,黄铜矿表面发生以自身活化溶解为主的电化学过程,黄铜矿表面由双黄药膜层转化成为大量具有多孔和疏松结构的含有Cu（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的氧化物。     

FP-SSA框架中Au_3Cu型有序合金相的特征原子势能配分函数

介绍以第一原理合金电子理论为基础的系统合金科学(FP-SSA)框架中Au3Cu型有序合金的特征原子势能(CAPE)配分函数。主要创新内容如下:以基本原子团{AiA u·[(I-i)Au,iCu]}和{AiC u·[(I-i)Au,iCu]}序列的中心特征原子Ai Au和AiC u为结构单元序列,替代原子对和原子团,建立了合金相的特征原子排列模型;以配位原子团[(I-i)Au,iCu]对作用于特征原子势场影响的方式替代原子对能量相互作用和原子团能量相互作用方式,以特征原子势能能级代替原子对能级和原子团能级,建立了合金相的特征原子势能相加定律,计算合金相及其组元的平均势能;在特征原子排列的简并因数与特征原子势能能级一致的条件下建立CAPE配分函数和计算组态熵。此函数揭示了当今流行的固溶体理论的不足之处,为建立特征Gibbs能配分函数奠定了基础。     

高电位镁牺牲阳极研究进展

概述高电位Mg-Mn牺牲阳极组织、电化学性能特点以及应用,分析杂质元素Ca、Sr、Mn元素和熔铸新工艺对高电位镁阳极组织和电化学性能的影响、Zn含量对Mg-zn超高电位镁阳极电化学性能的影响,挤压高电位镁阳极的生产工艺及应用,指出高电位镁阳极存在的问题并对其发展趋势进行展望。     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢在卤水中点蚀的影响

利用电化学方法对不同固溶处理的2205双相不锈钢在卤水中的临界点蚀温度及临界点蚀电位进行了研究,结合显微金相技术研究了固溶处理温度对相含量及耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：2205双相不锈钢在卤水中的临界点蚀温度介于55～60℃之间,临界点蚀电位随着环境温度的升高而降低;金属碳化物在固溶处理温度750～900℃范围内析出,奥氏体含量急剧减少材料耐蚀性能严重恶化;固溶处理温度1100℃保温1 h的试样耐蚀性能最佳。     

Minimization of the energy storage requirements of a stand‐alone wind power installation by means of photovoltaic panels

Autonomous wind power systems are among the most interesting and environmentally friendly technological solutions for the electrification of remote consumers. In many cases, however, the battery contribution to the initial or the total operational cost is found to be dominant, discouraging further penetration of the available wind resource. This is basically the case for areas possessing a medium–low wind potential. On the other hand, several isolated consumers are located in regions having the regular benefit of an abundant and reliable solar energy supply. In this context the present study investigates the possibility of reducing the battery size of a stand‐alone wind power installation by incorporating a small photovoltaic generator. For this purpose an integrated energy production installation based exclusively on renewable energy resources is hereby proposed. Subsequently a new numerical algorithm is developed that is able to estimate the appropriate dimensions of a similar system. According to the results obtained by long‐term experimental measurements, the introduction of the photovoltaic panels considerably improves the operational and financial behaviour of the complete installation owing to the imposed significant battery capacity diminution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.