Development of an Enzymic Time Temperature Integrator for Sterilization Processes Based on Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase at Reduced Water Content

ABSTRACT: The thermal stability of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase at low moisture content was studied, based on isothermal experiments performed in a temperature range 113 to 125 °C. The thermal inactivation was monitored by measuring the decrease in thermal denaturation enthalpy and/or the decrease in enzymic activity on pnitrophenyl-α-D-maltoheptaoside, or on starch as a substrate. Based on enthalpy readings, an enzymic system with a z-value of 10.4 °C was observed when using a relative humidity of 81% at 4 °C. A theoretical study showed that this system could be used as a Time Temperature Integrator (TTI) to monitor the safety of sterilization processes of numerous food products.     

余热热处理对热变形低铬半钢耐磨性的影响

通过冲击磨损试验，测试了变形低铬半钢耐磨性，并对其磨损面特征进行了分析。结果表明：该钢变形后经适当的余热热处理可获得较高的耐磨性能。     

分段控温黄原胶发酵过程

温度是影响黄原胶发酵的重要因素之一。为了优化黄原胶发酵过程的温度控制,在5 L通气式搅拌发酵罐中,非溶氧限制的条件下,对恒温黄原胶发酵过程进行了研究。结果显示,发酵温度为28℃时,在发酵稳定期有较高的菌体浓度,所得黄原胶的丙酮酸含量与表观粘度较高,但有较长的发酵周期。而发酵温度为33℃时,有较短的发酵周期,在发酵稳定期有较高的比产胶速率,但所得黄原胶的丙酮酸含量与表观粘度较低。实验测定了控制黄原胶发酵生长期温度为28℃,稳定期温度为33℃的发酵过程数据。结果表明,与恒温发酵过程相比,通过温度的分段控制可以缩短发酵周期,提高产胶浓度及改善胶的品质,分段控温是黄原胶发酵的一种方便有效的调节手段。     

连续生产型炉窑排烟温度合理性探讨

推导了热效率变化百分率和单产标准煤耗变化百分率的计算公式 ,通过计算说明了连续生产型炉窑依靠高效余热回收而实施高烟温生产操作 ,实际上是增加而不是减少燃料消耗 ,据此 ,指出“三高一低”理论的不完全正确和HTAC技术在此类炉窑上的不可用性。论述了连续生产型炉窑低烟温的合理性 ,并提出基于低烟温的“双高低”理论和“烟混型高温低氧燃烧法” ,促使连续生产型炉窑向高效节能环保方向发展     

Poly(butylene terephthalate)–clay nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation: morphology and thermomechanical properties

Nanocomposites based on poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and an organoclay (Cloisite 30B) were prepared by melt blending using a twin‐screw extruder. Two kinds of PBTs, ie PBT‐A and PBT‐B, with different inherent viscosities (η_inh), were used for this study (η_inh of PBT‐A and PBT‐B were 0.74 and 1.48, respectively). Dispersion of the clay layers in the PBT nanocomposites was characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile and dynamic mechanical properties and non‐isothermal crystallization temperatures of the nanocomposites were also examined. Nanocomposites based on the higher‐viscosity PBT (PBT‐B) showed a higher degree of exfoliation of the clay and a higher reinforcing effect when compared to the composites based on the lower‐viscosity PBT (PBT‐A). The clay nanolayers dispersed in PBT matrices lead to increases in the non‐isothermal crystallization temperatures of the PBTs, with such increases being more significant for the PBT‐B nanocomposites than for the PBT‐A nanoocomposites. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of ethyl methacrylate content on the volume‐phase transition of temperature‐sensitive poly[(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐co‐(ethyl methacrylate)] microgels

A novel series of temperature‐sensitive poly[(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐co‐(ethyl methacrylate)] (p(NIPAM‐co‐EMA)) microgels was prepared by the surfactant‐free radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) with ethyl methacrylate (EMA). The shape, size dispersity and volume‐phase transition behavior of the microgels were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The transmission electron micrographs and DLS results showed that microgels with narrow distributions were prepared. It was shown from UV–Vis, DLS and DSC measurements that the volume‐phase transition temperature (VPTT) of the p(NIPAM‐co‐EMA) microgels decreased with increasing incorporation of EMA, but the temperature‐sensitivity was impaired when more EMA was incorporated, causing the volume‐phase transition of the microgels to become more continuous. It is noteworthy that incorporation of moderate amounts of EMA could not only lower the VPTT but also enhance the temperature‐sensitivity of the microgels. The reason for this phenomenon could be attributed to changes in the complicated interactions between the various molecules. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Facile modifications of polyimide via chloromethylation: II. Synthesis and characterization of thermocurable transparent polyimide having methylene acrylate side groups

From chloromethylated polyimide, a useful starting material for modification of aromatic polyimides, a thermocurable transparent polyimide having acrylate side groups was prepared. In the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec‐7‐ene, chloromethylated polyimide was esterified with acrylic acid to synthesize poly(imide methylene acrylate). The polymer was soluble in organic solvent, which makes it possible to prepare a planar film by spin coating. The polymer film became insoluble after thermal treatment at 230 °C for 30 min. Optical transparency of the film at 400 nm (for 1 µm thickness) was higher than 98 % and not affected by further heating at 230 °C for 250 min. Adhesion properties measured by the ASTM D3359‐B method ranged from 4B to 5B. Preliminary results of planarization testing showed a high degree of planarization (DOP) value (>0.53). These properties demonstrate that poly(imide methylene acrylate) could be utilized as a thermocurable transparent material in fabricating display devices such as TFT‐LCD. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Semiparametric Estimation in Time‐Series Regression with Long‐Range Dependence

Abstract. We consider semiparametric estimation in time‐series regression in the presence of long‐range dependence in both the errors and the stochastic regressors. A central limit theorem is established for a class of semiparametric frequency domain‐weighted least squares estimates, which includes both narrow‐band ordinary least squares and narrow‐band generalized least squares as special cases. The estimates are semiparametric in the sense that focus is on the neighbourhood of the origin, and only periodogram ordinates in a degenerating band around the origin are used. This setting differs from earlier studies on time‐series regression with long‐range dependence, where a fully parametric approach has been employed. The generalized least squares estimate is infeasible when the degree of long‐range dependence is unknown and must be estimated in an initial step. In that case, we show that a feasible estimate which has the same asymptotic properties as the infeasible estimate, exists. By Monte Carlo simulation, we evaluate the finite‐sample performance of the generalized least squares estimate and the feasible estimate.     

Precision equipment for symmetrical bending— Part 1. The loading system

The design and performance of precision bending equipment for testing straight beams with constant rectangular section under a pure bending moment is described. Part 1 deals with the loading arrangements and Part 2 with the rig for measuring beam deflection. The methods for recording deflection of strain gauges applied on the beam have been described elsewhere.^1–4
The reactions to the deadweight gravity loads are taken via ball bearings. The total bending moment inaccuracy, i.e. the sum of estimated systematic errors and random errors, the latter expressed as the 2Ga confidence interval about the mean (2G_cim), is about ± 25 x. 10^-4%, for 23 tests with a steel beam with 15 mm × 75 mm cross sectional dimensions, loaded to 1-1.5 mm/m strain.
The measuring rig stands on the beam via hardened and polished spherical segment feet and uses a capacitive transducer system with less than 5nm resolution. Various application tasks are described. The total inaccuracy of the measured deflection, i.e. apart from bending moment inaccuracy, is about ± 35 times 10^4% for about 10 reproduced, not repeated, tests with the same steel beam. The deflection for such a beam is of the order of 2 to 4 mm.     

温度场有限元分析的接缝单元

目前混凝土坝的仿真分析正从单坝段仿真向全坝仿真发展,因而需要采用接缝单元,笔者给出三种温度场接缝单元的计算模型：有限厚度接缝单元、近零厚度接缝单元及简化接缝单元.