提高入炉煤品位促进煤气炉高产

结合国家煤气炉入炉煤粒径等级标准，针对小型氮肥企业现状，提出了增设弹性杆振动筛的改进方法，以解决入炉煤按粒径分等级入炉的问题，提出了水洗法、烘干法、增设粉煤仓、增加过筛次数等方法，以控制入炉煤含粉率，分析了控制入炉煤粒径的限下率对气化强度和煤耗的影响，论述了使用水洗煤和弹性杆振动筛对提高入炉煤品位的作用。     

Insight of EDX analysis and EFTEM: Are spherocrystals located in strombidae digestive gland implied in detoxification of trace metals?

Digestive tubules of Strombidae are composed by three cell types: digestive cells, vacuolated cells, and crypt cells. The last one is characterized by the presence of intracellular granules identified as spherocrystals. Such structures are known to occur in basophilic cells of gastropod digestive gland, where they are supposed to be involved in the regulation of some minerals and in detoxification. In this study, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) were used to determine the elemental content of spherocrystals in two Strombidae, Strombus gigas and Strombus pugilis. In freshly collected individuals of both species, the following elements were detected: Ca, Fe, Mg, P, and Zn. Aluminum and Mn were also detected in S. gigas. Their presence in spherocrystals indicates that, in Strombidae, spherocrystals are involved in the regulation of minerals and essential trace metals. In order to answer the question “are spherocrystals involved in nonessential trace metals scavenging?,” artificial cadmium and lead exposure by both waterborne and dietary pathways was applied to S. pugilis. No evidence of cadmium (Cd(NO₃)₂) or lead (Pb(NO₃)₂) provided by food was found in spherocrystals. Cadmium provided in water (Cd(NO₃)₂ and CdCl₂) causes structural modifications of the digestive gland; however, this element was not trapped in spherocrystals. These results suggest that spherocrystals are not involved in detoxification of such nonessential trace metals. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

On wear as a mechanism of granule attrition

Mechanisms of granule or agglomerate attrition are studied in the light of the principles of fracture mechanics. Fracture properties are measured for agglomerated systems including both glass beads bound by polymeric binders and pesticide products. In the present work, the sizes of typical granules are less than the critical specimen sizes capable of gross fracture, as calculated from fracture theory. This implies that the mode of granule attrition is primarily one of erosion of abrasive wear and not gross fracture. Previous abrasive wear research is reviewed, with the aim of establishing the dependence of agglomerate bar wear on material properties. Idealized bar agglomerates are studied, as they allow convenient characterization of the dependence of granule erosion on material properties. Bar wear rates are foud to parallel results from the ceramics wear literature. In particular, wear rate is found to have a similar but somewhat different dependence on fracture toughness than the work of Mullier et al.⁴, where both fluid-bed granule erosion rate and wear of bar agglomerates were found proportional to 1/K_c.     

可配置ASP系统的若干关键技术研究

采用软件配置的方法来实现业务定制，在基于定义的业务颗粒的基础上，利用分解和细化技术，构建了“业务池＋可增容业务对象模型＋定制粒度尺”的系统业务定制模型；研究了视图定制和多视图的管理机制，建立了面向ASP应用服务的多级分层授权的权限管理模型，提出了面向资源访问、功能操作的小粒度授权机制，实现ASP集中统一的权限管理。最后以面向专业镇ASP产品信息服务平台和ASP协作制造中心为实例说明各项关键技术的应用。     

Synthesis of Si3N4/SiC reaction-bonded SiC refractories: The effects of Si/C molar ratio on microstructure and properties

Si₃N₄/SiC reaction-bonded SiC refractories have been fabricated on the basis of the microstructure design concept by introducing a binary-phases binding system. The influence of Si/C molar ratio on phase transformation, microstructure and mechanical properties was studied systematically. Thermodynamic analysis result proved the microstructure design was feasible under 0.03 MPa pressure of N₂ and the selected sintering temperature. In-situ grown SiC nano-whiskers/granule and lamellar Si₃N₄ were both observed in the matrix. The specimen with 2:1 Si/C molar ratio possessed highest cold modulus of rupture (28.27 MPa) but showed low toughness. The strength and toughness of such materials were controlled by two main factors, such as SiC grain boundary binding morphology and in situ grown of SiC in the matrix. The different mechanisms occurred predominantly to meet diverse practical cases and caused to various mechanical properties of final products. The corresponding strengthening and toughening mechanisms were explained in this paper.     

纤维面层表面非稳态过滤效率的研究

在介绍纤维过滤和颗粒过滤的基本理论基础上，根据表面过滤的“尘滤尘”现象，应用颗过滤理论建立了纤维层表面非稳态过滤效率的数学模型。对比研究表明该模型能较深刻地揭示了非稳态过滤过程随过滤进间的变化规律。从而对深化纤维过滤器的净化机理的认识，提高过滤效率，延长滤料使用寿命，加强清灰管理等方面有理论及应用意义。     

钙质砂的耦合变形机制与本构关系探讨

针对低应力下钙质砂的颗粒破碎现象具有特殊性，分析了围压对钙质土颗粒的破碎的影响，揭示其变形过程的力学机制；然后考虑钙质土的颗粒破碎与滑移两种变形机制的耦合作用，并分别采用损伤模型和边界模型予以描述。理论计算与试验结果吻合较好。     

Calcium spatial distribution in aerobic granules and its effects on granule structure, strength and bioactivity

Calcium-rich aerobic granules were cultivated after 3-month operation. The chemical form and spatial distribution of calcium in the granules and their physicochemical characteristics were explored. Examination with a scanning electron microscope combined energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX) shows that Ca was mainly accumulated in the core of the granules. CaCO(3) was found to be the main calcium precipitate in the granules. The fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis shows that the cells were crowded in the outer layer and gathered in clusters. Compared with the granules without Ca accumulation, the Ca-rich granules had more rigid structure and a higher strength. However, their specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) reduced after the Ca accumulation inside them. Comparison between the SOUR values of the granules with and without Ca accumulation suggests that Ca accumulated in the aerobic granules might have a negative effect on their bioactivity.     

Aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor

In a laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) granules were cultured under aerobic conditions. To enhance the growth of granular sludge the SBR was operated with very short sedimentation and draw phases resulting in the washout of slow settling biomass. Fast settling granules were retained in the reactor and thus had an advantage over flocs with a slower settling velocity. After 40 days of operation granules were the dominant form of microbial aggregates in the reactor, even though some pin-point flocs remained in the system. Granules taken from the reactor were stored for weeks without disintegrating. After about 130 days of operation the granule quality and COD-removal worsened. The reasons for that are yet to be investigated.     

水-离子液体混合溶液对玉米淀粉溶解的影响

研究新型离子液体(ionic liquid,IL)-1-烯丙基-3-乙烯基咪唑醋酸盐对普通玉米淀粉溶解性能的影响。采用偏光显微镜(polarized light microscopy,PLM)、X-射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)等淀粉表征手段,揭示水和离子液体混合溶液对玉米淀粉溶解的影响。结果发现,通过偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜可以观察到在水和离子液体的摩尔比为4∶1时玉米淀粉的颗粒的“马耳他”十字消失,颗粒结构明显变形,从X-射线衍射结果可以看出水和离子液体比为4∶1(摩尔比)处理的玉米淀粉X-射线的衍射峰的峰强度明显减弱,且淀粉的典型A型晶体的特征峰消失,表明淀粉晶体结构遭到严重破坏。通过DSC的结果可以看出,静置60 min后,水∶离子液体为4∶1(摩尔比)处理的淀粉DSC峰没有吸热峰或者放热峰出现,说明相对于其他的比例而言,水和离子液体的比例为4∶1(摩尔比)对淀粉的溶解效果最好。