Arm work interferes with normal ventilation

Arm work, by limiting movement of the chest wall and use of the respiratory muscles, may alter breathing pattern and gas exchange sufficiently to interfere with the ability to perform certain tasks. To determine the effects of arm work on breathing pattern during a well-controlled work task, depth of breathing, breathing frequency and end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) were measured at rest and during cycling exercise using an arm and a leg ergometer. Six subjects performed arm work at light, moderate and heavy intensities (30%, 60% and 90% of maximum arm work capacity respectively) and leg work at three intensities where ventilation was matched for that achieved during the arm work. This matching was necessary since the level of ventilation affects the breathing pattern. Subjects breathed on a mouthpiece and tubing that led to automated equipment for the measurement of respiratory variables. Ventilation during arm work was accomplished with a lower depth of breathing, a higher breathing frequency and a decreased EELV compared to leg work. Arm work places increased demands on the ventilatory system, including the muscles of respiration that are also recruited for task performance. The competition for using these muscles for breathing as opposed to a particular work task may result in a compromise in breathing capacity that ultimately may limit the ability to perform tasks requiring sustained heavy use of the arms. These increased demands on the upper body muscles must be considered when evaluating the ability of individuals to perform tasks that involve heavy arm work.     

"Superstition" in the Skinnerian.

In the case of some tasks, implicit responses produce better results than overt ones. Overt responding is not an essential feature of programmed instruction and, in fact, may even be a deleterious one in some cases. Being informed of the correctness of response before making it resulted in more efficient learning than being informed after making the response. "This story has three morals, but they are all very simple. The first is that not all the features of a gadget are dictated by theoretical principles. The second is that what works beautifully in one context may not work so beautifully in another. The third moral is that superstitious behavior is not restricted to pigeons." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

In vitro injury model for oligodendrocytes: development, injury, and recovery

In this study we investigated the effects of severe hypothermia (cryoinjury) on oligodendrocyte (OL) cell marker expression and morphological features. We used a chemically defined cell culture medium, glial development medium (GDM), which favored the optimal expression of the OL phenotype in CG4 cells. Experiments using CG4 cells cultured in 2% serum or in GDM were conducted in parallel. After severe hypothermia, cells were reanimated at 37 degrees C and 4.5% CO(2) and cultured in either GDM or in medium supplemented with 2% serum. In either medium, around 70% of the total number of cells detached within 2 to 4 hours following reanimation. Oligodendroglial markers such as A2B5, O4, Tf, ferritin, tubulin, and MBP were examined by double and triple immunofluorescence. All of these markers except MBP re-appeared at different times during the recovery period for up to 48 hours. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP-60) were used as injury markers. The presence of serum induced HSP-60 expression, while GDM did not. All CG4 cells expressed HSP-60 in response to hypothermia independently of the cell culture medium used. Cryoinjury induced a spectrum of morphological changes in CG4 cells. The expression of OL specific markers was also influenced by hypothermia. Moreover both, serum and cryoinjury induced the expression of HSP-60 that colocalized with OL and myelin markers. The expression of GFAP by injured cells but not by normal cells corroborated the state of injury of CG4 cells.     

薄板在周期热流作用下的热响应(Ⅰ):温度响应

基于具有热流延迟相的双曲型热传导方程,研究了薄板在周期热流作用下的温度响应。首先采用分离变量法,求解了以热流矢量为基本未知量的热传导方程,得到了板内热流场分布,然后再利用能量守恒方程,获得了板内温度响应的解析表达式。通过计算,分析了板内温度响应随不同热流矢量延迟相以及边界热流频率的变化趋势,并与经典的Fourier热传导方程所得到的结果进行了比较。结果表明,在高频热流加热下,双曲型热传导模型所给出的温度响应与经典的Fourier热传导模型具有显著的差别。     

Differences in startle reactivity during the perception of angry and fearful faces.

Emotion researchers often categorize angry and fearful face stimuli as "negative" or "threatening". Perception of fear and anger, however, appears to be mediated by dissociable neural circuitries and often elicit distinguishable behavioral responses. The authors sought to elucidate whether viewing anger and fear expressions produce dissociable psychophysiological responses (i.e., the startle reflex). The results of two experiments using different facial stimulus sets (representing anger, fear, neutral, and happy) indicated that viewing anger was associated with a significantly heightened startle response (p     

LRB隔震结构模型振动台试验研究(1)

为研究大高宽比隔震结构的多维抗震性能,对一缩尺1∶4比例高宽比为5的铅芯橡胶垫隔震结构模型进行了水平和竖向双向地震波输入下的振动台试验研究.通过输入不同大小和类型的地震波,分析隔震上部结构和隔震支座的地震反应.试验结果表明:隔震上部结构减震效果较好;隔震支座在某些工况下,竖向可进入非线性受拉变形状态,此时的结构存在倾覆危险.试验相关数据的分析可为隔震结构设计理论和规范的编制提供参考.     

LRB隔震结构模型振动台试验研究(2)

为研究大高宽比隔震结构的多维抗震性能,对一缩尺1∶4比例,两向高宽比分别为2.5和5的铅芯橡胶垫隔震结构模型进行了多向地震波输入下的振动台试验研究.试验分为小高宽比隔震结构模型双向地震波输入、大高宽比隔震结构模型三向地震波输入.通过输入不同大小和类型的地震波,分析隔震上部结构和隔震支座的地震反应.试验结果表明:各向地震波对结构反应将产生复杂的相互影响,当各向地震波发生峰值时刻接近时,这种影响更为显著.因此从安全考虑应该进行水平双向组合变形验算.     

电磁脉冲孔耦合瞬态响应SEM极点提取

为了描述电磁脉冲孔耦合瞬态响应特征,基于奇点展开法(SEM)和矩阵束算法,将含有噪声的离散瞬态响应数据表示成矩阵的形式,并分解构造矩阵束,通过奇异值分解(SVD)和广义最小二乘法来进行参数估计,建立了提取电磁脉冲孔耦合瞬态响应极点及留数的模型,进行了仿真和重构实测响应波形.结果表明:模型所提取的参数完全可以描述响应的主要特征;噪声对留数影响较大,对极点的影响较小,因此在数值计算时,可保留有限个主要极点,忽略大量非主要极点,从而提高算法的效率,同时保证数值计算的精确度和稳定性.     

网壳结构火灾反应非线性有限元分析

采用欧洲钢结构协会推荐的钢材高温材料模型确定了钢材的弹性模量和极限强度。通过对导热微分方程进行数值求解,确定了结构钢构件内部的温度场。在此基础上,采用非线性有限元方法分析了空间网壳结构的火灾反应。结果表明,在火灾作用下,网壳结构的承载力迅速降低并最终导致结构的倒塌。