黏性土水理性质温度效应研究

温度影响着黏性土的液塑限、膨胀性和渗透性等水理性质,对于不同的黏性土,这种影响往往差异很大。为了系统地研究这一影响的规律性和机理,以南京地区 3 种不同矿物组分的黏性土为研究对象,开展了土样在 5 ℃～ 50 ℃范围内吸附结合水量、液塑限、膨胀性和渗透性的试验研究。结果表明：温度升高时,黏性土液限减小,膨胀性增加,渗透性增加,这种温度效应根本原因在于吸附结合水量变化。亲水矿物由于其吸附结合水量大,对温度效应起主要作用。亲水矿物含量较多的黏性土,液限随温度变化大,而膨胀率则变化小。亲水矿物含量对渗透性的温度效应影响显著,对比吸附结合水试验：温度升高时,其渗透水由吸附结合水为主转为渗透结合水和自由水为主,渗透系数可上升近十倍。揭示了黏性土 3 种基本水理性质温度效应的规律性及机理,为相关的地质灾害的评估和预防提供理论基础。     

超固结非饱和土的本构关系

Alonso等提出的巴塞罗那(Barcelona)弹塑性本构模型是非饱和土本构模型中的代表,将巴塞罗那本构模型与姚仰平等所提出的超固结土UH本构模型相结合,使之适用于超固结非饱和土。该模型在吸力等于零的时候就退化成饱和土的UH本构模型;在吸力不为零且无超固结的情况下,就退化成巴塞罗那本构模型;该模型不仅使超固结状态下的湿化模拟更为合理,而且也能够反映超固结非饱和土的硬化、软化、剪缩、剪胀特性和不同应力路径对超固结非饱和土变形特性的影响,同时能够反映湿化使超固结程度降低甚至使超固结消失的特性。与巴塞罗那模型相比,本文所提出的模型没有增加任何新的材料参数,且与已有的试验结果对比分析,表明该模型能够较为合理地描述超固结非饱和土的基本力学特性。     

双层弹塑性地基水平受荷桩解析计算

目前关于双层弹塑性地基中水平受荷桩的解析计算研究相对较少。基于地基反力法和桩侧土体简化的弹塑性本构关系,推导了双层非均质弹塑性地基中桩顶自由水平受荷长桩的闭合形式解,得到了桩侧土体塑性区厚度、桩身最大挠度和最大弯矩的计算式。通过参数的特殊取值,所得解与现有单层地基中水平受荷桩的相关解完全一致,同时也验证了解析推导的正确性。算例分析表明本文解析解计算结果与三维有限元模拟结果及现场试验实测值吻合较好,可较有效地开展双层地基中水平受荷长桩的计算分析。     

结构性软土三维弹塑性损伤本构模型研究

基于所提出的岩土材料统一各向同性破坏准则,通过引入椭圆–抛物双屈服面模型以及结构性损伤屈服面,结合复合体损伤概念,建立了三维主应力空间中弹塑性损伤本构模型,该模型能够反映结构性软土应力应变的非线性、剪胀剪缩特性、结构性以及中主应力对变形的影响。通过结构性软土试验结果与模型的计算结果对比分析,表明该模型能够较好地预测结构性软土三维空间的应力–应变特性。     

考虑邻近地下室外墙侧压力影响的平动模式挡土墙主动土压力研究

 对于挡土墙距既有地下室很近,墙后填土宽度有限的情形,采用经典的库仑、朗肯土压力理论计算挡墙主动土压力是不严格的。通过有限元数值分析发现,当挡墙平动、填土达到主动极限状态时,无黏性土滑动土楔与邻近地下室外墙并未脱开,地下室外墙上全深度承受侧压力;随着填土宽高比n的不同,挡墙与地下室外墙间土体内将形成一道或多道滑裂面,且最靠近地表的滑裂面与挡墙或地下室外墙交点以上的土压力近似为库仑主动土压力。由此建立新的土压力计算模型,给出了挡墙主动土压力系数 和第一道滑裂面倾角 的求解方法,采用水平薄层单元法,得到了挡土墙主动土压力的分布以及合力作用点相对高度 的理论公式,并通过典型算例,与经典土压力理论、前人理论方法及有限元数值解进行对比。研究发现,挡土墙土压力为非线性的鼓形分布,当土体内摩擦角 和墙土摩擦角 取定值且 0°时, 随着n的增大而增大,而 和 随着n的增大而减小,当 时, 和 值与库仑解一致;当 0°时,不论n取何值, 和 值恒等于朗肯理论解,且 。     

Investigation into the response of barley to applied zinc

The response of barley to foliar and soil applied zinc was studied at fire low soil zinc sites in south-east Scotland over two season. None of the treatments increased the grain yield at harvest. Of the treatments studied only foliar applied zinc sulphate consistently increased the zinc content of plant tissue, and this was more marked when a split application of 2·5 + 2·5 kg ha^?1 Zn was used as opposed to a single treatment of 5 kg ha^?1 Zn. It is concluded that at the present time there is no evidence that zinc is limiting the yield potential of barley when grown on low zinc soils in this part of Scotland.     

Variables Controlling Stiffness and Strength of Lime-Stabilized Soils

Lime treatment is an attractive technique for soil improvement in the construction of rail tracks and pavement layers, in slope protection of earth dams, and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies based on rational criteria as in the case of soil-cement technology, where the voids/cement ratio is shown to be a key parameter for the estimation of both strength and stiffness. The present study, therefore, was aimed at quantifying the influence of the amount of lime, porosity, and voids/lime ratio on the initial shear modulus (G0) and unconfined compressive strength (qu) of a lime-treated clayey sandy soil. From the results of unconfined compression tests and bender elements measurements, it was shown, for the soil-lime mixtures investigated, that the voids/lime ratio is an appropriate parameter to assess both initial stiffness and unconfined compressive strength. Also, a unique G0/qu versus voids/lime ratio relationship was established linking the soil-lime mixture initial stiffness and compressive strength.     

Three-Dimensional Field-Scale Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Modeling: Parallel Computing Implementation

An approach for the simulation of three-dimensional field-scale coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problems is presented, including the implementation of parallel computation algorithms. The approach is designed to allow three-dimensional large-scale coupled simulations to be undertaken in reduced time. Owing to progress in computer technology, existing parallel implementations have been found to be ineffective, with the time taken for communication dominating any reduction in time gained by splitting computation across processors. After analysis of the behavior of the solver and the architecture of multicore, nodal, parallel computers, modification of the parallel algorithm using a novel hybrid message passing interface/open multiprocessing (MPI/OpenMP) method was implemented and found to yield significant improvements by reducing the amount of communication required. This finding reflects recent enhancements of current high-performance computing architectures. An increase in performance of 500% over existing parallel implementations on current processors was achieved for the solver. An example problem involving the Prototype Repository experiment undertaken by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. [Svensk K?rnbr?nslehantering AB (SKB)] in ?sp?, Sweden, has been presented to demonstrate situations in which parallel computation is invaluable because of the complex, highly coupled nature of the problem.     

Critical Review of the Methodologies Employed for Soil Suction Measurement

Modeling the behavior of unsaturated soils necessitates the measurement of soil suction and the establishment of its variation with the water content, which is commonly known as the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). Several methodologies have been developed for measuring either total suction ψ (sum of matric suction ψm and osmotic suction ψo) or ψm. While employing different methodologies for suction measurement, there is a possibility that various factors (viz., type of the soil, measurement methodology, range of the suction measurement, equilibration time, and presence of salts or contaminants in the soil) may influence the results and hence the SWCC. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the uniqueness of SWCC, determined by using some commonly adopted suction measurement methodologies. This study indicates that the SWCC established by adopting different methodologies may not be unique and is primarily influenced by the range of suction measurement. As such, it is essential to highlight the range of suction values involved for establishing the SWCC, to facilitate unambiguous modeling and to precisely understand the behavior of unsaturated soil.     

A probabilistic solid-porous model to determine the shear strength of unsaturated soils

A probabilistic solid-porous model has been developed to determine the shear strength of unsaturated soils. The probabilistic model was built by analyzing the probability of a certain pore or group of pores of a network to fill or remain filled with water during a wetting or drying process, respectively. This model is used to determine the equivalent stress which represents the stress supported by the solid skeleton of an unsaturated soil and is related to the strength of the material. The probabilistic model is an alternative to the use of computational models and shows some important advantages. The theoretical results of the model are compared with a series of triaxial tests performed at constant suction and constant volume. These comparisons demonstrate that this model is adequate to establish the strength of unsaturated materials.