稳定同位素技术在食品检验中的应用研究进展

近年来,稳定同位素技术在产品质量安全控制和真实性鉴别方面被广泛应用。本文综述了该技术近年来在各类食品真伪鉴别和食品安全溯源中的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行展望,旨在推动稳定同位素技术在我国的应用步伐,以期为管理部门的监管提供参考。     

基于果核壳的元素和稳定同位素比值测定及车厘子产地分析

该研究应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）,元素分析-稳定同位素比质谱仪（EA-IRMS）对车厘子果核壳中37种元素含量和氢、氧、碳、氮稳定同位素比值进行测定,并应用于车厘子产地分析中。车厘子去果肉和果仁后,将果核壳烘干并研磨成粉末,微波消解后通过ICP-MS对元素含量进行测定,果核壳粉末通过元素分析-稳定同位素比质谱仪对氢、氧、碳、氮稳定同位素比值（δ2H、δ18O、δ13C和δ15N）进行测定。应用上述方法对澳大利亚、美国、新西兰、智利和中国的车厘子样品进行元素含量和稳定同位素比值的测定,并对检测结果进行方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析,对车厘子产地的归属进行研究。研究结果表明基于车厘子果核壳的元素含量和稳定同位素比值综合分析,可以对车厘子产地进行区分,其中Mn、Co、Rb、Sr、Ba和δ2H组合指标整体交叉检验判别准确率92.1%。     

松辽盆地长岭断陷乾北次洼深层天然气成因判别

乾北次洼是松辽盆地南部长岭断陷中最大的一个洼陷,但天然气勘探程度低.据天然气组分、同位素及轻烃分析等资料,结合烃源岩特征,对该洼陷深层天然气成因进行了分析.该洼陷深层烃源岩有机质丰度高、以腐殖型为主,营城组发育Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型较好的烃源岩,处于过成熟阶段;天然气组分甲烷占绝对优势,乙烷同位素值偏轻,甲烷和乙烷具有明显的碳同位素倒转现象,甲烷来源于偏腐殖型母质,乙烷来源于偏腐泥型母质.     

Passage kinetics of C-labeled corn silage components through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Fractional passage rates form a fundamental element within modern feed evaluation systems for ruminants but knowledge on feed type and feed component specific passage rates are largely lacking. This study describes the use of carbon stable isotopes (¹³C) to assess component-specific passage kinetics of 6 intrinsically ¹³C-labeled corn silages varying in quality (2 cultivars × 3 maturity stages) in a 6 × 6 Latin square design using 6 rumen-fistulated lactating dairy cows. An increase in maturity increased starch and decreased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents of corn silages. Passage kinetics were assessed for an external (chromium mordanted fiber; Cr-NDF) and an internal marker (¹³C isotopes) collected in feces and omasal digesta. The best fit was obtained with a deterministic multicompartmental model compared with stochastic Gn and GnG1 models with increasing order of age dependency (n = 1 to 5) for both sampling sites. The Cr-NDF marker yielded higher rumen fractional passage rates (K₁) than did ¹³C in the dry matter (¹³CDM) in feces (0.042/h vs. 0.023/h). Omasal marker excretion patterns support the conclusions based on conventional fecal marker excretions. Component-specific passage was assessed for acid detergent fiber (¹³CADF) in feces and for starch (¹³CST) in omasal digesta. The fractional passage rate based on fecal ¹³CDM and ¹³CADF did not differ. Omasal ¹³CST provided higher K₁ values (0.042/h) than omasal ¹³CDM (0.034/h) but lower values than omasal Cr-NDF (0.051/h). Fractional passage rates from the proximal colon-cecum (K₂) based on fecal marker concentrations showed trends similar to K₁, with Cr-NDF providing a value (0.425/h) more than twice as high as that of ¹³CDM (0.179/h) and ¹³CADF (0.128/h). Total mean retention time in the gastrointestinal tract was approximately double for ¹³CDM (64.1 h) and ¹³CADF (77.6 h) compared with Cr-NDF (36.4 h). Corn silage quality did not affect any of the estimated passage kinetic parameters. In situ fractional degradation rates did not differ among corn silages, except for a decreased fractional degradation rate of starch with advancing maturity. Results indicate that isotope labeling allows assessment of component-specific passage kinetics of carbohydrate fractions in corn silage.     

An investigation of presence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters in Canadian human milk samples

ABSTRACT

Occurrence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (MCPDEs) in 199 human milk samples collected from Canadian women was examined in this study. MCPDEs were determined via indirect analytical approach by using acidic hydrolysis/transesterification and derivatization with cyclohexanone using a fluorinated sulfonic acid resin as a catalyst followed by GC-MS analysis. Analyses were done by a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) using 3-monochloropropanediol-d₅ dipalmitate and 2-monochloropropanediol-d₅ distearate as internal standards. In all samples 2-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 1 ng/g for 2-MCPD equivalent. 3-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 2 ng/g for 3-MCPD equivalent, in 193 samples. Six samples had the apparent concentration of 3-MCPD equivalent in the range of 2.0–5.1 ng/g, which was likely caused by accidental contamination during processing of samples. For selected samples, these findings were confirmed by direct analysis via LC-MS/MS analysis based on SIDA for 3-MCPD dipalmitate and 2-MCPD distearate. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to analyze human milk samples for 2-MCPD esters.     

碳-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品的多维分析

本文从124份市面蜂蜜样品中筛选出21份C-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品,应用元素分析-同位素质谱联用技术（EA-IRMS）、液相色谱-同位素质谱联用技术（LC-IRMS）、液相色谱测定蜂蜜还原糖含量等检测方法,对C-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品进行多维分析。结果表明：C-4植物糖超标样品在市面上仍占有一定比例,本批次检出超标率为16.94%,且存在少量严重超标样品,最高达到82.35%。C-4植物糖超标蜂蜜样品大致可归纳为以下三类：一是源于生产操作不规范的轻微超标型,该类样品的碳-4植物糖含量为7~10%之间,△δ13CF-G、△δ13Cmax跟真实蜂蜜要求相差不远;二是人为掺入碳-4植物源淀粉转化产物型,该类样品寡糖含量较高,△δ13Cmax较大。三是人为掺入碳-4植物源果葡糖浆型,该类样品本身不含寡糖,δ13CF、δ13CG完成丧失碳-3植物特征。     

Authenticity and quality of animal origin food investigated by stable‐isotope ratio analysis

Authentication of a food product is the procedure by which it is verified that the product matches the statements on the label, and that it conforms to what is established by regulations. This testing process includes analysis of the ingredients, determination of the geographical origin, and examination of the production methods. In particular, the use of rapid, effective and reliable analytical methods, when correctly applied to verify the authenticity and the traceability of the product, represents a valuable and irreplaceable tool for the authorities to carry out control functions. Tools and methodologies from scientific innovation and technological evolution can help to quickly locate particularly sophisticated frauds and adulterations. The feeding regime of livestock is a fundamental issue for the properties and safety of animal origin food, but this regime is often hidden from the consumer, making the zootechnical sector more prone to fraudulent practices. This review reports the results recently obtained in authentication of animal origin food by the application of stable‐isotope ratio analysis, the most promising analytical technique in this field.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Systematic Modeling of the (13C) Isotope Cryogenic Distillation Process

Isotopic enrichment by low-temperature distillation of carbon monoxide is difficult to handle, the experiments providing with the necessary data are time-consuming and difficult to perform, so the mathematical modeling of the process is an appropriate approach to study and to further control the column. This paper develops a mathematical model for the (¹³C) isotope cryogenic distillation process using two subsystems of the plant: the hydrodynamic part and the isotope-separation part. The model is validated using experimental data from the pilot column from the National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies Cluj-Napoca. The proposed model is suitable for various cryogenic distillation columns, using the proper parameters.     

The Q-Cascade Explanation

The physical meaning of a continuous profile cascade, which is frequently used in the study of multicomponent isotope separation and named as the Q-cascade is explained. It is found that the parameter Q for a component at a stage is nothing but the relative increase of the concentration of the component, and is constant at all cascade stages. The Q-cascade is classified as the quasi-ideal cascade playing an importantrole for fast evaluation of the separation cascade parameters for multi-isotope mixture separation.