多羟基结构态亚铁处理含重金属废水的应用

结构态亚铁是一种具有高活性结构的亚铁化合物,具有比表面积大、还原性强等优点,被广泛应用于研究处理重金属废水和有机废水。然而,目前结构态亚铁处理含高浓度重金属的实际工业废水的重金属去除效果、作用条件、处理工艺还缺乏深入探究。文中选取3种具有代表性的实际工业废水,探究结构态亚铁对废水中重金属的去除效果,设计能够满足排放要求的处理工艺,并对结构态亚铁材料性能、反应条件进行了优化。结果表明:分步投加1 g/L和0.9 g/L的FHC,能够将金属冶炼废水中Cu、Ni、As等的浓度降至0.5 mg/L以下;对于铜冶炼废水,一步投加1.5 g/L的FHC后,废水中Ni、Cu、Pb的浓度同样能够满足排放标准;对于钢铁冷轧酸洗废水,控制FHC投加量在1.45 g/L、p H值在7.6以上时,预处理后含铬废水中的总铬可以被完全去除。综上,结构态亚铁具有优良的重金属去除能力。设计的处理过程和条件能够实现处理后出水重金属浓度低于相关标准限值的要求,这对结构态亚铁的工程应用和工业废水处理具有重要的参考价值。     

微纳米气泡臭氧高级氧化工艺处理电镀废水的中试

对江苏省某电镀园区污水厂尾水使用微纳米气泡臭氧高级氧化工艺进行深度处理中试研究,要求处理后达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅴ类标准。半连续流试验结果表明,单独臭氧氧化处理无法有效去除有机物,加入双氧水催化臭氧微纳米气泡处理后可以使COD达标。在臭氧与双氧水投加量摩尔比为2时,投加64.6mg/L臭氧后,COD_Cr由37.1mg/L降至24.7mg/L,去除率可达33.4%,O/C为5.2。臭氧浓度对COD的去除有影响,低浓度臭氧对COD有更高的去除率(46.3%)。同时,推测臭氧和双氧水改变了原水中铁离子的价态,通过絮凝沉淀可有效地去除水中的镍。采用臭氧浓度为150mg/L、臭氧与双氧水摩尔比为2的工况进行连续流试验,臭氧投加量为55mg/L、连续运行5h、进水COD_Cr约为45mg/L时,出水COD_Cr基本稳定在18.5~21.8mg/L,COD去除率为54%~58.3%,O/C为1.38~1.62,可达标排放。由结果可知:相较于半连续流试验,同样的投加条件下,连续流的氧化效能更高,推测是由于流态变化;同时,半连续流中试试验虽然水量较大(500L),但要完全模拟连续流试验结果还是存在局限性。最后,根据连续流结果估算双氧水催化臭氧工艺的处理成本为0.86元/(t水)。     

水滑石材料处理工业废水的研究进展

工业废水主要由工业生产过程中产生的污水和废液组成,具有成分复杂、种类繁多、差异性大、难以处理等特点。主要综述了水滑石常用的制备方法,利用壳聚糖法、等离子体法、农业废弃物法进行改性制备复合材料。水滑石材料在吸附过程中多呈粉末状,难以回收,且工业化应用较少。针对以上问题,可采用引入Fe离子产生磁性,利于回收;通过开发更低廉的合成材料、简单快捷的制备方法、稳定的理化性质使水滑石材料得以工业化应用。水滑石复合材料在层板中引入磁性物质有助于回收,随着水滑石技术的深入研究和新工艺的发展,处理有毒污染物的前景必定会更广阔。     

提高醇基镁砂粉涂料性能的研究

通过正文试验确定了高锰钢铸件使用的醇基镁砂粉涂料基本配比；并对其可点燃性、高温烧结性能进行了改进。生产试验在明：新涂料的各种性能指标显著提高，铸件表面质王明显改善。     

肺动脉高压孤儿药Selexipag合成工艺的优化

首先,以二苯基乙二酮和2-氨基乙酰胺为原料,通过环合反应和羟基氯代合成了5,6-二苯基吡嗪-2-醇（Ⅰ） 和5-氯-2,3-二苯基吡嗪（Ⅱ）。其次,化合物?Ⅱ?与4-异丙氨基丁醇反应得到4-［（5,6-二苯基-2-基）（异丙基）氨基］-1-丁醇（Ⅲ）。然后,化合物?Ⅲ?和溴乙酸甲酯发生Willianmson反应得到2-｛4-［N-（5,6-二苯基吡嗪-2-基）-N-异丙基氨基］丁氧基｝乙酸甲酯（Ⅳ）。最后,Ⅳ与甲基磺酰胺在叔丁醇钠作用下缩合得到目标产物Selexipag。对各步反应进行了优化,羟基氯代反应条件为: n （Ⅰ）∶n （POCl3）=1.0∶1.7,120?℃反应4 h。胺基化条件为: n （4-异丙氨基丁醇）∶n （Ⅱ）=4.0∶1.0,170?℃反应68?h。Willianmson反应条件为: n （Ⅲ）∶n （溴乙酸甲酯）∶n （四丁基溴化铵）∶n（氢氧化钠）=1.0∶1.0∶0.1∶15.0,甲苯为溶剂,80?℃反应5?h。酰胺化反应条件为: n （Ⅳ）∶n （甲基磺酰胺）∶n （叔丁醇钠）=1.05∶1.0∶1.5,室温反应2 h。优化工艺总收率达到74.5%,且反应条件温和,分离方法简单,适合工业化生产。     

基于15N质量平衡法研究养殖消化废水中氨氮的去除机理

为避免养猪场消化废水对环境造成的污染,利用微藻去除消化废水中营养物质的二次处理方法受到了广泛关注。采用¹⁵N质量平衡法研究了鞘藻去除氨氮的主要机理,重点研究了鞘藻生长与氨氮去除的关系以及氨氮去除的主要途径。经高压灭菌后的消化废水在鞘藻培养期的氨氮去除率为96.2%,鞘藻特定生长率为0.04~0.15;稀释后的原消化废水氨氮的去除率为94.1%,鞘藻特定生长率为-0.14~0.13。通过曝气的汽提效应对氨的去除有显著的促进作用,尤其在高pH值试验条件下更有利于脱氨。¹⁵N同位素质量平衡分析表明,原始消化废水中存在的细菌对氨氮的去除影响小,在鞘藻培养期去除原消化废水中氨氮的主要途径是鞘藻的吸收和气体的损失,分别占总氮量的40.97%和32.59%。氨氮的去除与主要影响因素间的回归和通径分析表明,要提高氨氮去除率,需要提高鞘藻Chl-a含量和DO浓度,同时限制或保持pH值在弱碱性状态。     

CVD金刚石在齿轮磨齿机中的应用探究

介绍了CVD金刚石的发展现状及其在滚轮行业中的应用,概述了CVD金刚石的性能特点及应用领域,着重介绍了在齿轮磨齿机滚轮行业中的应用。包括CVD品级的选取,切割形状的设计,与滚轮的匹配等,为行业相关从业者提供参考。     

Application of electrode materials and catalysts in electrocatalytic treatment of dye wastewater

The dye industry produces a large amount of hazardous wastewater every day worldwide, which brings potential threaten to the global environment. As an excellent method for removal of water chroma and chemical oxygen demand, electrocatalytic methods are currently widely used in the treatment of dye wastewater. The selection and preparation of electrode materials and electrocatalysts play an important role on the electrocatalytic treatment. The aim of this paper is to introduce the most excellent high-efficiency electrode materials and electrocatalysts in the field of dye wastewater treatment. Many electrode materials such as metal electrode materials, boron-doped diamond anode materials and three-dimensional electrode are introduced in detail. Besides, the mechanism of electrocatalytic oxidation is summarized. The composite treatment of active electrode and electrocatalyst are extensively examined. Finally, the progress of photo-assisted electrocatalytic methods of dye wastewater and the catalysts are described.     

Application of an immobilized microbial consortium for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater: Batch-wise and continuous studies

In the present investigation, a microbial consortium consisting of four bacterial strains was selected for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The consortium was immobilized on a natural support matrix-Luffa and used for the treatment of real-time pharmaceutical wastewater in batch and continuous processes. The batch process was carried out to optimize the culture conditions and monitor the enzymatic activity. An array of enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, monooxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and hydroquinol 1,2-dioxygenase were produced by the consortium. The kinetics of the degradation in the batch process was analyzed and it was noted to be a first-order reaction. For the continuous study, an aerobic fixed-film bioreactor (AFFBR) was utilized for a period of 61 days with variable hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR). The immobilized microbes treated the wastewater by reducing the COD, phenolic contaminants and suspended solids. The OLR ranged between (0.56 ± 0.05) kg COD·m^-3 d^-1 to 3.35 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1 and the system achieved an average reduction of 96.8% of COD, 92.6% of phenolic compounds and 95.2% of suspended solids. Kinetics of the continuous process was interpreted by three different models, where the modified Stover Kincannon model and the Grau second-order model proved to be best fit for the degradation reaction with the constant for saturation value, KL being 95.12 g·L^-1·d^-1, the constant for maximum utilization of the substrate U_max being 90.01 g·L^-1 d^-1 and substrate removal constant K_Y was 1.074 d^-1 for both the models. GC-MS analysis confirmed that most of the organic contaminants were degraded into innocuous metabolites.     

脱硫废水旋转喷雾蒸发特性实验研究

脱硫废水旋转喷雾干燥技术是一种利用热烟气蒸发脱硫废水的零排放技术。开展了不同悬浮物（SS）含量的脱硫废水原水以及经浓缩的高盐废水的蒸发实验,采用可视化手段观察了脱硫废水在干燥塔内的蒸发特性,考察了脱硫废水喷雾蒸发过程中停留时间、进口烟气温度、气液比对蒸发特性的影响。结果表明,旋转喷雾蒸发工艺对高盐、高SS含量等复杂脱硫废水组分具有较佳的适应性;脱硫废水从旋转雾化器喷出后迅速蒸发,主蒸发区在雾化盘下方0.75~1.00 m区域内;随后是蒸发析出的未干盐分及未完全蒸发的废水液滴进一步蒸干至含水率低于2 %;烟气在喷雾干燥塔内的停留时间需要维持在20 s以上才能保证塔出口灰分含水率低于2 %;入口烟气温度越高,其塔底及塔出口的灰分含水率越低,在气液比为12 000 m³/m³（标准状态）的废水工况下,入口烟温为280 ℃时已经难以保证废水液滴良好蒸发;在入口烟气温度为340 ℃、气液比大于10 000 m³/m³（标准状态）时,塔底灰分含水率小于2%,蒸发效果良好。