The influence of distributed generation penetration levels on energy markets

Planning of national energy policies brings new dilemmas with the introduction of distributed generators (DG). Economic theory suggests that a perfectly competitive market would lead to efficient pricing. In the absence of competition, regulators play a fundamental role in attracting reasonably priced finance in order to maintain, refurbish and increase the infrastructure and provide services at a reasonable cost. Energy market price equilibrium is mainly dependent on suppliers, generators, energy sources and demand, represented by conventional utility grid users. Its behavior is similar to that of other commodities. As generation becomes less centralized with the increasing economic viability of renewable energy sources, new suppliers are being connected to the grid. Such evolution means the transition from a monopolistic market to a broader and more open environment, with an increasing number of competitors. We make use of variational inequalities to model a hypothetical DG market in different scenarios, from monopoly, to oligopoly, to open market. Such an approach enables different equilibrium outcomes due to different DG penetration levels. Based on these findings, we argue that energy policies for such markets must be developed according to each specific stage of the grid's lifecycle. We show how energy policies and market regulations may affect such a transition, which may be catastrophic if not managed properly, and which is dependent on the energy mix.     

浅谈建筑工程施工质量问题产生原因

针对当今建筑业的实际情况，结合施工管理经验，对建筑工程施工质量问题的产生原因作一简单的分析与阐述，通过对导致建筑工程施工质量问题的市场原因和形势原因进行分析，以达到促进建筑业发展的目的。     

黄土塬区地震勘探方法与效果分析

为了提高黄土塬区地震勘探的精度,为煤矿生产提供更为准确的资料。针对黄土塬区地震勘探的特点和主要技术难点,阐述了采用直线与弯线联合、二维直线三维观测、改善激发条件、优选观测系统、增加覆盖次数以及多域迭代静校正等相应的有针对性的技术措施。提交资料后经过钻孔验证,结果表明:采用该勘探方法观测系统合理、激发条件选择得当以及资料处理流程搭配合理、解释方法正确,资料的准确程度较高,取得了理想的地质效果。     

Hydro reservoir handling in Norway before and after deregulation

The Norwegian Energy Act that came into force in 1991 deregulated the electricity market and removed the former obligation power companies had to supply electricity to the geographical area they were responsible for. Hence producers can supply electricity on the basis of profitability. In 2007 the Energy Act was evaluated by the Government. As a part of this, a study concerning hydro reservoir handling before and after deregulation was carried out by SINTEF. Public statistics show that average hydro reservoir levels measured in per cent of reservoir capacity have been reduced after 1990. We have used the power-market model EMPS¹ (EFI's Multi-area Power-market Simulator) to analyze if this reduction can be explained by natural variation in climatic variables or by structural changes that have occurred after 1990. Simulation results show that the reduced reservoir levels cannot be explained by natural variation in climatic variables. Structural changes such as increased transmission capacities can, however, explain some of the reduction. Our study does not indicate that the present reservoir handling gives reservoir levels that are too low. In this paper we also describe the stochastic dynamic optimization problem for long-term hydropower scheduling, and we explain how this problem actually is solved by the EMPS model.     

Evaluation of automated-trading strategies using an artificial market

The purpose of this study was to extend the simulation of artificial markets to the practical application. We constructed an artificial-market system with an interface with the automated-trading strategies. Then, using an artificial-market simulation, we conducted two types of evaluations of automated-trading strategies that could participate in a Kaburobo competition. (1) Our system evaluated the risks and returns of the strategies in various market environments. An evaluation using the artificial market was able to provide better information than a conventional evaluation using a back test. (2) Our system could also test the market impact of automated-trading strategies. Our results revealed that the market impact of the strategies may not only depend on their rule content but also on the way they are combined with other strategies.     

Competition,regulation, and pricing behaviour in the Spanish retail gasoline market

The restructuring of the Spanish oil industry produced a highly concentrated oligopoly in the retail gasoline market. In June 1990, the Spanish government introduced a system of ceiling price regulation in order to ensure that “liberalization” was accompanied by adequate consumer protection. By 1998, prices were left to the “free” market. This paper examines the pricing behaviour of the retail gasoline market using multivariate error correction models over the period January 1993 (abolishment of the state monopoly)–December 2004. The results suggest that gasoline retail prices respond symmetrically to increases as well as to decreases in the spot price of gasoline both over the period of price regulation (January 1993–September 1998) and over the period of free market (October 1998–December 2004). However, once the ceiling price regulation was abolished, cooperation emerged between the government and the major operators, Repsol-YPF and Cepsa-Elf, to control the inflation rate. This resulted in a slower rate of adjustment of gasoline retail prices when gasoline spot prices went up, as compared with the European pattern. Finally, the Spanish retail margin was by the end of our timing period of analysis, as in the starting years after the abolishment of the state monopoly, above the European average. This pattern confirms our political economic hypothesis, which suggests that the Spanish government and the oil companies were working together in reducing the inflation, in periods of rising oil and gasoline prices. It is also inferred that explaining the pricing pattern in energy markets may require different hypothesis than the classical perspective, involving just firms taking advantage of market power.     

中国皮革工业发展的若干问题

本文概述我国皮革工业的生产，科研发展状况及与国外皮革的差距，并对皮革工业发展和皮革市场趋势进行了分析。     

电力企业多种经营初探

本文论述了电力多种经营及其管理的定义,电力多种经营和市场经营观,电力多种经营的沿革和发展,提出了电力多种经营的指导思想,并对电力多种经营进行了主业紧密型、工业相关型和市场需求型的科学归类分析。     

我国建设监理制势在必行

本文以笔者在担任总监理工程师期间的切身经历与目睹之我国建筑市场现状为依据,客观地论述了以业主单位为主的发包体系需要建设监理;管理水平和工人素质偏低的施工单位需要建设监理;为防止劣质建筑材料、设备混进建筑市场需要建设监理;为搞好政府监理的宏观管理,培育和发展建筑市场需要建设监理;为净化我国建筑市场,最大限度地吸引外资、吸收外国的先进科学技术,高质量、高水平地搞好建设工程需要建设监理.总之,一句话,我国建设监理制势在必行.