A/O结合循环式活性污泥法处理海产品加工废水

针对海产品加工废水氨氮含量较高的特点。舟山兴业有限公司的污水处理工程采用两段A/O结合循环式活性污泥法工艺，工程验收合格后运行一年多来，排放废水的各项污染指标均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）的二级标准，处理系统具有很好的抗冲击能力和脱氮效果。     

Neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle size

This study measures the neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle sizes. We examine the effect of particle size on the weathering process, a method popularly used for stabilization of heavy metals in incineration of bottom ash. The distribution of particle sizes in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is rather broad, ranging from fine powder to as large as 40 mm in diameter. Although considered a by-product highly suitable as a road construction material, the high level of heavy metal leaching is an obstacle to its reuse. Weathering, a method used to reduce heavy metal leaching, is a lengthy process taking over thee months to complete. The chief reaction involved in weathering is carbonation occurring between Ca(OH)2 in bottom ash and CO₂(g) in the atmosphere. During this process, CaCO₃ is produced, causing the pH level to drop from over 12 to about 8.2 and reducing heavy metal leaching. In this paper, we attempt to determine the particle size best suited for reducing the period required for weathering bottom ash by identifying characteristics of different particle sizes that affect heavy metal leaching and neutralization.     

影响臭氧化污泥减量工艺的因子

采用臭氧作为剩余污泥的细胞裂解剂,并与淹没式生物膜工艺相结合进行污泥减量的实验研究,臭氧化后的污泥上清液回流入曝气池与污水合并处理。结果表明:在每kgMLSS臭氧投量为0.05 kg,臭氧化污泥体积流量为进水量的5%条件下,淹没式生物膜系统对SCOD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为87.06%和84.80%,出水水质同对比实验相当;同时获得了去除1 g SCOD得到0.054 gMLSS的剩余污泥产率,与对比实验相比降低了78.4%。     

用粉煤灰稳定抗生素废水处理剩余污泥的研究

利用粉煤灰稳定抗生素废水处理过程中产生的剩余污泥的试验表明:粉煤灰与剩余污泥按一定比例混合搅拌后,混合物的重金属离子浓度和病原菌的含量均低于农用规定的浓度。在粉煤灰对重金属离子的固定机制中,表面络合作用在较宽的pH值范围内,尤其是在较低pH值时起主要作用,氢氧化物沉淀作用在较高pH值时是主要作用机制;粉煤灰的强碱性是杀死剩余污泥中微生物的主要原因。     

好氧颗粒污泥对钇离子的吸附/解吸性能

为实现稀土尾水中钇离子（Y3+）的回收，探究了好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）对Y3+的吸附-解吸附效果。考察了混合方式、初始Y3+浓度、pH、盐度、铅离子及粒径对AGS吸附效果的影响。相比于搅拌及振荡，曝气混合下AGS具有更好的吸附效果，80%以上的吸附在前10 min完成。当初始Y3+浓度<50 mg/L时，AGS能完全吸附废水中Y3+离子，此后吸附率随着Y3+浓度的增大而减小。H+、Na+和Pb2+会与Y3+竞争AGS上的吸附位点，导致吸附率减小。0.6～1.0 mm的AGS吸附容量最大，2.4～3.0 mm的AGS经人工破碎后吸附容量增大15%。对吸附过程进行动力学和热力学拟合。动力学符合伪二级模型（R2=0.9999），表明化学吸附起主导作用；Webber-Morris方程分析表明颗粒内扩散是影响吸附速率的主要因素。热力学符合Langmuir模型（R2=0.9849），表明吸附过程是一个单分子层吸附过程，拟合得到最大吸附量为Qmax=24.39 mg/gSS。利用XPS对吸附前后AGS进行表征，发现参与吸附官能团有酯基、羧基、氨基，同时与K+进行离子交换，钇在AGS表面的主要化学态是Y2(CO3)3。探究了硝酸及氯化铵对吸附饱和AGS的解吸效果。HNO3的单次解吸附率（99%）明显高于NH4Cl（64%），但五次吸附-解吸附循环后，HNO3组解吸附率降至10%，NH4Cl组解吸附率仍维持在50%。     

UASB-SBR工艺处理城市生活污水的研究

研究了UASB工艺处理城市生活污水的可行性，通过UASB与SBR组合工艺的运行实验，得出在水力停留时间3h时，COD去除率为61．67％-82．32％，出水COD达到国家污水排放二级标准。在氮磷去除效果不佳的情况下，采用SBR工艺处理后，其出水COD、SS、氮、磷等指标均达到国家污水一级排放标准。     

Extraction of Lipids from Municipal Wastewater Plant Microorganisms for Production of Biodiesel

Municipal wastewater treatment plants in the USA produce over 6.2 × 10⁶ t of dried sewage sludge every year. This microorganism-rich sludge is often landfilled or used as fertilizer. Recent restrictions on the use of sewage sludge, however, have resulted in increased disposal problems. Extraction of lipids from sludge yields an untapped source of cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. Solvents used for extraction in this study include n-hexane, methanol, acetone, and supercritical CO₂. The gravimetric yield of oil was low for nonpolar solvents, but use of polar solvents gave a considerably increased yield; however, the percentage of saponifiable material was less. Extraction of lipids with a mixture of n-hexane, methanol, and acetone gave the largest conversion to biodiesel compared with other solvent systems, 4.41% based on total dry weight of sludge. In situ transesterification of dried sludge resulted in a yield of 6.23%. If a 10% dry weight yield of fatty acid methyl esters is assumed, the amount of biodiesel available for production in the USA is 1.4 × 10⁶ m³/year. Outfitting 50% of municipal wastewater plants for lipid extraction and transesterification could result in enough biodiesel production to replace 0.5% of the national petroleum diesel demand (0.7 × 10⁶ m³).     

新型碳质催化剂用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx的研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料制备了一种新型碳质催化剂。通过试验考察了催化剂在NH₃选择催化还原NO中的应用效果。结果表明,催化性能较好，最佳的制备和催化反应条件为：锌铁物质的量比1∶0.5，热解温度750 ℃，反应温度400 ℃，O₂浓度15%。在此条件下，NOx的最大转化率达98.3%。通过考察证明催化剂自身具有一定的还原性能。对催化剂进行了FTIR、TG、SEM和BET分析，结果表明，催化剂具有很丰富的孔结构、活性粒子和表面官能团，比表面积较大，最大可达307 m²·g^-1，分析结果显示具有良好的催化条件。     

Simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of pulp mill primary clarifier sludge

Bioconversion of sludge from the primary clarifier of a sulphite pulping operation to ethanol offers a number of advantages over conventional disposal options. The amount of material which must be disposed of is reduced while, at the same time, salable and environmentally friendly fuel-ethanol is produced. In this study, primary clarifier sludge (PCS) was shown to be hydrolysed to produce fermentable sugars at a rate proportional to enzyme loading. Initial (1 hour) hydrolysis rates as high as 12.6 g reducing sugar/L · h were observed at an initial enzyme loading of 10 filter paper units (FPU)/g. Hydrolysis was inhibited by spent sulphite liquor (SSL), an inhibition which could be completely overcome by fermenting the SSL to remove sugars. Surfactants were found to only marginally improve the production of sugars. To reduce the deleterious effects of end product inhibition, single stage simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) was carried out using cellulase enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

城市污水处理厂污泥中温两相厌氧消化的研究

采用中温两相厌氧消化处理西安市污水处理厂污泥,结果表明,污泥可在较短的停留时间(296 h,产酸相30 h,产甲烷相266 h),较高的有机负荷(约2.65 kg VS/m3.d)下稳定运行,系统VS去除率38.87%,pH≈7.5,产气速率6.33 L/L.d,单位VS产气率3.00 L/g。与单相厌氧消化处理结果对比,两相厌氧消化系统的停留时间可减少一半,而污泥有机负荷提高2倍,且有机物的去除率大,处理效果好,稳定性高,抗冲击负荷能力强,产气性良好。