微波辐射常压麦草中木质素快速提取方法研究

采用微波辐射技术,建立了从麦草中提取木质素的工艺.使用微波法分离木质素和纤维素是微波应用的一种新途径.考察了固液比例、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、碱浓度等对木质素提取效果的影响.结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:2 g样品在微波辐射功率为550 W,辐射时间为75 min,固液比为1:12.5,碱浓度为16%时,木质素提取液的吸光度达到1.25,并且验证性试验的结果很稳定.     

Reaction kinetics of rye straw for thermnochemical conversion

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were conducted on two common types of rye straws (Danko and Kustro) at a heating rate of 20°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere (15% oxygen and 85% nitrogen, by volume) between ambient temperature and 700°C. The two step nature of the TGA curves and the dual peak characteristics of the DTA curves showed that rye straw had two distinct reaction zones. The initial degradation temperatures, the residual mass at 700°C, the thermal degradation rates in the first and second reaction zones and the kinetic parameters of each reaction zone (order of reaction, activation energy and pre-exponential factor) were determined. Higher thermal degradation rates were observed in the first reaction zone as compared to those in the second reaction zone.     

涂料用玉米淀粉-苯乙烯接枝共聚乳液的制备与性能

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,在乳化剂OP存在下,玉米淀粉与苯乙烯接枝聚合制备了涂料用淀粉-苯乙烯乳液,经红外光谱确认了共聚物。研究了工艺条件对乳液聚合的影响,确定了较佳的乳液制备工艺:玉米淀粉于85℃糊化酸降解1 h,加入聚乙烯醇和乳化剂,按m(苯乙烯)∶m(淀粉)∶m(过硫酸钾)=20∶8∶0.28,在80~85℃接枝共聚3 h。引发剂分3个阶段加入:苯乙烯单体加入前先加入引发剂质量的20%,然后在2 h内均匀加入全部单体和引发剂质量的60%,最后加入剩余的20%引发剂反应1 h。以此乳液为成膜物质复配成的乳胶涂料的性能达到或超过GB/T9756—2001合格产品的指标:耐水性≥96 h,耐洗刷性≥500次,耐碱性24 h无异常。     

核交换法对禾草类木质素结构的研究

本文采用核交换法对麦草粉、Nkny－HCHO－AQ（SFP－AQ）浆、NaOH—Na2SO3一AQ（ASP—AQ）浆和NaOH—AQ（AP—AQ）浆中残余木质素的化学结构特性进行了研究。通过核交换法结合硝基苯氧化反应，测定麦草原本木质素和浆中残余本质素的各类型酚核的数量。结果表明麦草原本木质素主要由25．35mol％非缩聚G单元，17．60mol％非缩聚S单元和57．05mol％缩聚G单元所组成。与AP—AQ浆相比，SFP浆含有较少的DPM结构单元，这可能是SFP浆漂白性能好的原因之一。     

植物秸秆电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化技术研究

利用电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化机对植物秸秆进行了膨化加工试验。研究结果表明:电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化机利用高频转换器产生的高频电流,从而达到控制挤压膨化温度的作用。一级电磁感应加热,预热植物纤维,控制温度在80～110℃,二级电磁感应加热,为秸秆挤压膨化加工提供稳定的高温高压条件,控制温度在250～300℃。膨化量可达到200～400 kg/h,膨化产品粗纤维含量下降30%～50%,无氮浸出物含量在20%以上,代谢能提高近10倍。电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化技术研究为形成工业化规模的秸秆膨化加工利用奠定了良好的基础。     

High-performance dispersant of coal–water slurry synthesized from wheat straw alkali lignin

Environmental concerns have stimulated interest in utilizing plant-derived materials in various industrial fields. The main objective of the present study was to synthesize a new type of high-performance lignin series dispersant of coal–water slurry (CWS) from wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL), and determine the affecting factors in the reaction and the application performance for CWS preparation. The experimental results showed that the inherent viscosity and the sulfonic group content of the modified wheat straw alkali lignin (MSL) are the key factors affecting its dispersing effect for CWS. In the reaction, the reactant mass concentration and the sulfonating agent amount were changed to obtain the MSL with different inherent viscosities and sulfonic group contents, and the MSL with intermediate inherent viscosity (6.0 ml/g) and higher sulfonic group content (1.80 mmol g^− 1) was found to have excellent dispersing effect for CWS. The MSL obtained from optimized process was used as dispersant for CWS preparation, the studies of the properties of CWS showed that MSL has similar dispersing effect with naphtalenesulfonate–formaldehyde condensate, and far better dispersing effect than lignosulphonate. Recently this kind of new dispersant has been applied in several power plants in China.     

Effect of randomization on the oxidative stability of corn oil

Randomized corn oil TAG oxidized much faster than natural oil, but after purification with alumina, they oxidized at the same rate. We showed that this effect could not be attributed to a difference, in total tocopherols in the randomized and natural oils. Polar material recovered from the alumina treatment was fractionated by TLC, and a pro-oxidant effect was found in the fractions containing MAG and DAG. However, MAG and DAG, although mild pro-oxidant could not account for the pro-oxidant effect generated by randomization. No other compounds could be detected in the MAG fraction by MS. The pro-oxidant effect of randomized oil disappeared when EDTA or citric acid was added in sufficient amounts. The pro-oxidant effect of randomized corn oil was increased by the incorporation of additional copper or iron at a concentration that did not catalyze oxidation of the purified oil. Treatment of corn oil with ascorbic acid, ascorbyl-6-palmitate, ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl diacetoacetate, and acetylacetone did not reproduce the effect of the unknown pro-oxidant. Although the identity of the pro-oxidant is still unknown, we have confirmed that it is produced during randomization; it does not have pro-oxidant activity alone, but it facilitates the catalytic activity of the transition metal ions.     

Male european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), antennal responses to analogs of its sex pheromone

Experiments were conducted to (1) determine whether the electroantennogram (EAG) can detect differences among the responses of antennae from males derived from the three strains ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and (2) characterize the EAG responses of each strain to isomeric forms of the natural pheromone, (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (TDA), and analogs possessing differences in the terminal alkyl group, cyclopropyl (CPA), ortert-butyl (TBA).EAG responses differed among the strains in two ways: (1) Antennae fromZZ males always produced an EAG to (Z)-TDA with an extended duration of response. This signature EAG response was found to be unique to the antennal response ofZZ males to (Z)-TDA, thus providing a relatively easy method of distinguishing liveZZ males fromEE orZE males. Correlated with this longer EAG response was a longer disadaptation time, i.e., the EAG response ofZZ antennae disadapted more slowly (ca. 10 min) than the response ofEE antennae. (2) Strain differences in the relative EAG amplitudes to isomers and analogs were observed at the stimulus amounts eliciting the peak EAG amplitude as follows: TDA CPA > TBA forZZ males and both isomers; TDA > CPA TBA and CPA TDA > TBA forEE males and theE andZ isomers, respectively; CPA > TBA TDA forZE males and both isomers. Dose—response relationships were seen for all compounds if amplitude (peak height) of the EAG was used as a measure of response. However, if width of the EAG at half the peak height (peak width) was used, then only theZZ antennal response to (Z)-TDA resulted in a meaningful dose-response relationship. For all strains, the EAG amplitudes elicited by theZ isomers of any of the tested compounds were greater than those elicited by the correspondingE isomers. Therefore, correlations between the relative EAG and upwind flight responses were observed in theZZ (r = 0.86) andZE (r = 0.80) strains but were not correlated in theEE strain (r = 0.18). Temporal studies showed that adaptation, not postexcision deterioration, was responsible for the observed decreases in the EAG amplitude after repetitive stimulation or after stimulation with amounts in a descending order. Disa-daptation required at least 20 min for a moderate dose (10 g for 1 sec). Developmental studies showed that antennae from 2-day-old adults had the greatest EAG response.     

双子表面活性剂合成及在酒精废液处理中应用

合成了4种碳链长度的酯基阳离子双子表面活性剂,并作为絮凝剂对干法工艺处理的玉米酒精糟废液进行了絮凝处理实验。絮凝后对废液的透光率及COD进行了测定,考察了在不调节pH值及室温条件下与双子表面活性剂、淀粉阳离子、壳聚糖阳离子对比絮凝处理效果,双阳离子表面活性剂好于淀粉阳离子、壳聚糖阳离子的絮凝能力;同时考察了酯基阳离子双子表面活性剂碳链长度对絮凝效果的影响,碳链长度对COD去除率的高低顺序为C14>C16>C12>C10。实现了不用碱中和废液而直接进行絮凝处理的工艺改造。     

利用玉米秸秆制备高吸水树脂

将玉米秸秆预处理后与丙烯酸接枝共聚制备高吸水性树脂,采用单因素实验确定了合成条件中各因素的最佳水平:θ=45℃,引发剂中过硫酸钾用量为单体质量的0.8%,交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)用量为单体质量的0.6%,m(AA)∶m(玉米秸秆)=8∶1,丙烯酸中和度为70%,t=4 h。对最佳条件下制备的树脂进行了性能测试,对秸秆预处理前后及产物进行了扫描电镜分析。结果表明,该树脂具有良好的吸水、保水性能,吸水率最高达到291 g.g-1,吸盐水率达到49 g.g-1。