煤层气在多孔介质填充管线反应器中的水合实验研究

针对目前传统方式（低温液化、变压吸附、膜分离等）对低浓度煤层气增浓工业化应用的不适用性问题,提出通过合成水合物的方式实现低浓度煤层气中CH4的富集。但该技术的实现需要解决煤层气水合物合成过程中合成速率慢,储气密度低两个问题。借鉴日本对管线式反应器的试验结果与目前理论与实验研究所得出的THF与SDS分别对水合物合成相平衡条件、储气密度、合成速率的最佳促进浓度配比和多孔介质的加入对水合物合成促进作用的研究成果,以5×10-10 m沸石分子筛填充管线反应器作为水合界面,研究了17 mol%THF+300PPmSDS理论最佳促进体系下的水合物合成速率变化与工业化实现指标。实验结果表明：随着压力的升高,整体管线反应速率加快,合成速率峰值沿反应管线前移;水合驱动力的升高可有效提高水合物储气效率,且过压驱动力对水合储气的影响强于过冷驱动力;284 K/1.5 MPa条件下利用一次反应后多孔介质进行二次合成,达到相同储气量时,反应时间仅为一次合成的10%;随着水合时间的加长284 K/1.8 MPa条件下水合单位耗气达到了67.25 mL/mL,配合二次合成对水合时间的缩短效应,可大大提高水合物合成的储气速率与储气密度。     

基于振动信号总离散频谱的高压并联电抗器健康评估方法

文章设计并实现了一套高压并联电抗器健康评估系统,具有振动信号采集、存储、分析,及健康评估等功能。因单一位置振动信号无法全面反映电抗器健康状态且不具备检测拓展性,系统将电抗器表面多路振动信号离散频谱按权重叠加,作为特征向量输入机器学习模型中,实现了对现场运行的6台某公司750 kV高压并联电抗器的检测和健康状态评估。将基于振动信号总离散频谱的评估结果与油色谱检测法和超声波局放法的实测结果进行比较,发现该方法与上述两种常规检测方法的分析结果保持一致,且状态评估准确率达到100%。因此,基于振动信号的电抗器健康状态评估具有很大的实际工程意义。     

浆态床合成气制二甲醚反应器数学模拟

建立了包括液相返混和催化剂颗粒沉降的合成气一步法制二甲醚浆态床反应器的数学模型,模拟计算了空速、原料气组成、反应温度、反应压力等反应条件对反应的影响。计算结果表明,CO转化率和二甲醚的选择性随温度增加、压力增大而提高,在一定温度、压力条件下,CO转化率随空速增大而减小,合成气含有一定量的CO2有利于CO转化率增加。     

超滤技术在废水回用处理中的应用

超滤具有分离效率高、工艺设备简单、操作管理方便、无相变和节约能源等特点,在废水回用处理领域具有广泛的应用。本文对超滤技术作了简要的描述并对超滤在废水处理领域的各种不同应用形式展开了分析讨论,最后介绍了超滤技术在目前的实际应用中存在的主要问题。     

低压变频器IGBT模块烧毁原因分析及控制回路改进

通过对焦化空冷器风机变频器整流模块IGBT短路烧毁的故障原因分析,找出故障原因,并通过变频器的工作原理对常用的几中接线方式进行探讨,对现有的变频器接线方式提出整改方案。     

Identification and quantification of anammox bacteria in eight nitrogen removal reactors

Various studies have revealed anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) as a very attractive alternative process suitable for nitrogen removal from wastewater. Here we investigated anammox bacteria in eight different nitrogen removal reactors. The diversity and abundance of anammox bacteria were determined by the 16S rRNA gene analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization with specific probes and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). In these reactors, at least eight unique near full length anammox 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected, which were distributed over two genera; Candidati Brocadia and Kuenenia. FISH results confirmed that only one anammox bacterium dominated the community in each of the eight reactors investigated in this study. qPCR analysis revealed that anammox bacteria were present in seven of the reactors in the order of 10⁹ cells/ml and 10⁷ cells/ml in reactor A1. The dominant and divergent Brocadia-like anammox phylotype in one reactor represented a novel species for which we propose the name Candidatus Brocadia sinica. Taken together, these results indicated that a single seeding source could be used to seed anammox reactors designed to treat different types of wastewater, which could lead to a faster start-up of bioreactors.     

Nitritation performance in membrane-aerated biofilm reactors differs from conventional biofilm systems

Nitrogen removal via nitrite has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its potential cost savings. Membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs) are one potential technology suitable to achieve nitritation. In this study we compared lab scale MABRs with conventional biofilm reactors to evaluate the influence of environmental conditions and operational parameters on nitritation performance. The oxygen mass transfer rate is postulated as a crucial parameter to control nitritation in the MABR: Clean water measurements showed significant underestimation of the total oxygen mass transfer, however, accurate determination of the oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k_m) of the system could be achieved by adjusting the liquid-phase mass transfer resistance in the constructed model. Batch experiments at different initial ammonium concentrations revealed that the conventional biofilm geometry was superior for nitritation compared to MABRs. These differences were reflected well in estimates of the oxygen affinity constants of the key microbial players, AOB and NOB (K_O,AOB < K_O,NOB (in both systems) and K_O,NOB values smaller in the MABR vs. the conventional biofilm system). It also appeared that – in addition to oxygen limitation – the absolute and relative substrate concentrations in the biofilm (esp. of oxygen) are very important for successful nitritation. Initial biomass composition, furthermore, impacted reactor performance in the MABR systems indicating the need for appropriate inoculum choice.     

Bio-diatomite dynamic membrane reactor for micro-polluted surface water treatment

This work investigated the feasibility of treating micro-polluted surface water for drinking water production with a bio-diatomite dynamic membrane reactor (BDDMR) at lab-scale in continuous-flow mode. Results indicate that the BDDMR was effective in removing COD_Mn, DOC, UV₂₅₄, NH₃-N and trihalomethanes' formation potential (THMFP) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.5 h due to its high concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). The removal of pollutants was mainly ascribed to microbial degradation in BDDMR because the dynamic membrane alone was much less effective in pollutant removal. Though the diatomite particles (5-20 μm) were much smaller in size than the aperture of the stainless steel support mesh (74 μm), microorganisms and their extracellular polymer substances could bind these particles tightly to form bio-diatomite particles which were completely retained by the support mesh. The analysis of molecular weight (MW) distribution by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) shows that the BDDMR could effectively remove the hydrophilic fraction of dissolved organic materials present in the raw water.     

Nitrous oxide production kinetics during nitrate reduction in river sediments

A significant amount of nitrogen entering river basins is denitrified in riparian zones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nitrate and carbon concentrations on the kinetic parameters of nitrate reduction as well as nitrous oxide emissions in river sediments in a tributary of the Marne (the Seine basin, France). In order to determine these rates, we used flow-through reactors (FTRs) and slurry incubations; flow-through reactors allow determination of rates on intact sediment slices under controlled conditions compared to sediment homogenization in the often used slurry technique. Maximum nitrate reduction rates (R_m) ranged between 3.0 and 7.1 μg N g⁻¹ h⁻¹, and affinity constant (K_m) ranged from 7.4 to 30.7 mg N-NO₃⁻ L⁻¹. These values were higher in slurry incubations with an R_m of 37.9 μg N g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and a K_m of 104 mg N-NO₃⁻ L⁻¹. Nitrous oxide production rates did not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and we deduced a rate constant with an average of 0.7 and 5.4 ng N g⁻¹ h⁻¹ for FTR and slurry experiments respectively. The addition of carbon (as acetate) showed that carbon was not limiting nitrate reduction rates in these sediments. Similar rates were obtained for FTR and slurries with carbon addition, confirming the hypothesis that homogenization increases rates due to release of and increasing access to carbon in slurries. Nitrous oxide production rates in FTR with carbon additions were low and represented less than 0.01% of the nitrate reduction rates and were even negligible in slurries. Maximum nitrate reduction rates revealed seasonality with high potential rates in fall and winter and low rates in late spring and summer. Under optimal conditions (anoxia, non-limiting nitrate and carbon), nitrous oxide emission rates were low, but significant (0.01% of the nitrate reduction rates).     

Long-term formation of microbial products in a sequencing batch reactor

Activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is subjected to alternating feast-and-famine conditions, which may result in the enhanced production of microbial products: extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial products (SMP), and internal storage products (X_STO). In this work, the long-term formation of these three microbial products by activated sludge in an SBR is investigated using an expanded unified model with a parallel experimental study. We also use the model to compare the impacts in an SBR to those in a continuous-flow activated sludge system. The model captures all experimental trends for all components with solids retention time (SRT) for global steady state and within a cycle. At an SRT of 20 days, the active microorganisms constitute about 28% of the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS); the remaining biomass is comprised of residual inert biomass (X_I) of 40%, EPS of 31%, and X_STO of ∼1%. The active biomass becomes a smaller fraction with the increasing SRT, while the inert biomass becomes increasingly dominant. For soluble components, effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) is dominated by SMP, which varies to some degree in a cycle, peaking as external substrate becomes depleted. Within the SBR cycle, external substrate (S) declines strongly in the first part of the cycle, and SMP shows a small peak at the time of S depletion. X_STO is the only biomass component that varies significantly during the cycle. It peaks at the time that the input substrate (S) is depleted. Simulation for a continuous-flow activated sludge system and comparison with an SBR reveals that the constant “famine” conditions of the continuous system lead to lower EPS and X_STO, but higher MLVSS and X_I.