贵州省暴雨洪水计算实用手册应用概述

对于无实测流量资料的中小流域,常常借助本流域及邻近流域雨量站的资料,通过暴雨途径计算设计洪水。《贵州省暴雨洪水计算实用手册》及《贵州省暴雨洪水计算实用手册（修订本）》是目前贵州省中小流域无资料地区设计洪水计算的基本方法之一。文章阐述了《手册》的计算原理及其应用,并根据多年实践经验,针对软件应用中的一些问题提出处理意见。     

基于暴雨洪水管理模型的下凹绿地和透水路面模拟研究

以南京某小区为研究区域,采用暴雨洪水管理模型,模拟研究区域进行下凹绿地和透水路面改造后对区域内地面径流情况的影响。模拟结果表明,下凹绿地和透水路面均可有效消减地面总径流量和峰值流量,减小径流系数,同时改善研究区域的地下水环境。通过进一步改变下凹绿地和透水路面在模型中的规模后可知:下凹绿地面积占小区总面积的比例不应低于30%;透水路面面积占总面积的比例不应低于20%。     

海河防潮闸防御风暴潮对策探析

随着天津滨海新区经济的蓬勃发展,风暴潮防灾减灾工作日趋重要。回顾了1939年以来最严重的风暴潮灾害——1992年风暴潮灾害,分析了海河闸挡潮能力现状,针对1992年以来海河防潮闸风暴潮的特点,提出了对风暴潮预警进行实时跟踪、完善应急响应体系、加强养护和检查观测、加强与地方的协调联防等应对措施。     

漓江桂林流域“92.7”暴雨洪水分析

漓江桂林“９２．７”暴雨洪水由静止锋、高空低涡、切变线等天气系统且受流域地形抬升作用而形成的特大暴雨洪水。通过暴雨的过程、时空分布、走向以及区间来水等情况的分析，阐述上下游洪水均由三峰组成，而大溶江主峰在中为“山”字形组合，桂林则主峰在后，形成阶梯状逐级上升的特大洪水等特点。     

暴雨条件下沙棘林减水减沙效益研究

造成黄土高原水土流失的降雨主要是短历时暴雨。根据这一特点，利用人工模拟降雨方法研究了短历时暴雨条件下沙棘林的减水减沙效益，以及不同郁闭度对产流产沙过程的影响。结果表明，沙棘林郁闭度越高，减水减沙效益越好。     

紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测，测定径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度，以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期，其峰值出现在雨强最大时；集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期，是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因；降雨-径流过程中，颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中PN/DN多小于1，而PP/DP范围为1.1~30.2，说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式，而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

Laboratory study of impacts of concrete fragment sizes on wetland water chemistry

This study investigated the effects of urban concrete materials, of different particle sizes, immersed in water through a laboratory-based experiment. Water was sourced from a high conservation-value wetland (Blue Mountains upland swamp). Prior to the experiment, wetland water was dilute (32.5 μS/cm), acidic (pH 5.3) and had detectable major ion concentrations of only sodium and chloride. Water was exposed to three treatments of different concrete fragment sizes (whole, crushed and fine). All treatments increased conductivity and pH and also resulted in modified ionic composition where calcium, potassium, hydroxide, carbonate and sulphate were recorded at much high levels. The extent and speed of water chemistry changes was linked to the particle size of the concrete. The results of this study support the hypothesis that concrete can be an environmentally hazardous material influencing water quality in urban catchments.     

Sediment and discharge yields within a minimally disturbed,headwater watershed in North Central Pennsylvania,USA, with an emphasis on Superstorm Sandy

We estimated discharge and suspended sediment (SS) yield in a minimally disturbed watershed in North Central Pennsylvania, USA, and compared a typical storm (September storm, 4.80 cm) to a large storm (Superstorm Sandy, 7.47 cm rainfall). Depending on branch, Sandy contributed 9.7–19.9 times more discharge and 11.5–37.4 times more SS than the September storm. During the September storm, the upper two branches accounted for 60.6% of discharge and 88.8% of SS at Lower Branch; during Sandy these percentages dropped to 36.1% for discharge and 30.1% for SS. The branch with close proximity roads had over two‐three times per area SS yield than the branch without such roads. Hysteresis loops showed typical clockwise patterns for the September storm and more complicated patterns for Sandy, reflecting the multipeak event. Estimates of SS and hysteresis in minimally disturbed watersheds provide useful information that can be compared spatially and temporally to facilitate management.     

Groundwater salinisation on atoll islands after storm‐surge flooding: modelling the influence of central topographic depressions

Fresh groundwater lenses (FGLs) are of utmost importance for human survival on small and isolated atolls. This article examines saline damage to atoll FGLs from wave washover caused by storm surge and studies the particular influence of central topographic depressions (CTDs). We model storm surge over atoll islets of contrasting widths (400 and 800 m), both with and without CTDs of various sizes. Three key findings emerge. First, under equilibrium undisturbed conditions, the CTD slightly reduces the size of the FGL compared to atoll islets without this feature. Second, during marine flooding, prior saturated conditions at the base of a CTD impede seawater infiltration into the substrate, thereby limiting saline damage in that location. Third and most crucial, however, the amount of salt accumulated within the CTD is significant, ranging from 2 to 10 times higher than the net subsurface infiltration during the period of the storm inundation.     

柳江流域“2010.6”暴雨洪水特性分析

受高空槽和切变线影响2,010年6月16-20日,柳江流域出现了范围广、历时长、强度大的强降雨过程,强降雨导致柳江、融江、洛清江、贝江、石榴河均发生了超警洪水,石榴河四排站出现1967年建站以来第2位大洪水,重现期约为15年一遇。通过对本次暴雨洪水特性进行分析,掌握柳江流域洪水特性,提高洪水预报精度,为防洪减灾提供参考。