俄罗斯减压渣油超临界萃取残渣的催化加氢反应研究

以高压反应釜为反应器、环己烷为溶剂,选用分子筛、金属及舍金3大类共6种催化剂,对俄罗斯减压渣油超临界萃取所得残渣的非催化及催化加氢反应进行研究。结果表明,采用NKF-β型和Y型分子筛作为催化剂,残渣加氢反应产物中芳烃的相对含量超过55％;采用金属Fe、Ni以及合金Co—Fe、Pd—C作为催化剂,残渣加氢反应产物中正构烷烃的相对含量超过70％;除采用Fe和Pd—C作为催化剂的残渣加氢反应产物之外,在其他各组产物中均检测到少量含氧化合物,而在以NKF-β型分子筛作为催化剂的加氢反应产物中还检测出含氮化合物。针对各组加氢反应产物中化合物相对含量的差异,推测了残渣在不同类型催化剂作用下可能存在的反应途径。     

农村简易垃圾焚烧炉周边土壤二恶英分布研究

为了解农村简易生活垃圾焚烧炉排放废气中二恶英对周边地区的环境影响,对焚烧炉周边6个环境土壤及焚烧炉排放的飞灰和灰渣中二恶英的分布规律进行了研究.检测结果显示,焚烧炉周边环境土壤样品中二恶英国际毒性当量在2.29～9.45 ng/kg(干基)之间,高于背景值(0.537 I TEQ ng/kg).而焚烧炉排放的飞灰及灰渣中二恶英国际毒性当量分别为3 454和32.2 ng/kg.利用主成分分析方法,发现环境土壤中的二恶英来源较为复杂,焚烧炉污染物排放不是土壤中二恶英的唯一来源.     

脱硫灰与石灰石粉复合制备沥青填料研究

通过XRD及马歇尔稳定度试验等方法,研究把脱硫灰用作沥青复合填料。试验结果表明,以不大于40%的脱硫灰与石灰石粉复合可制备沥青填料,所制备的沥青混合料各项指标均能满足规范要求,可应用于沥青道路工程,其中以约30%脱硫灰取代石灰石粉所制备的复合沥青填料效果较好。     

利用"三废"制备氧化铁的研究进展

概述了国内利用“三废”(除尘灰、废液、废渣)制备氧化铁的研究进展。探讨了“三废”的危害性和性质,阐述了利用其制备氧化铁的工艺参数、流程和制备原理,分析了所制得材料的性能。对“三废”制备氧化铁的发展方向及其应用前景进行了展望。     

超声波技术在农药残留研究中的应用

从超声波萃取和超声波降解两方面，综述了近几年国内外超声波技术在农药残留研究中的应用及研究现状。     

Crop residue,manure and fertilizer in dryland maize under reduced tillage in northern China: I grain yields and nutrient use efficiencies

The rapidly increasing population and associated quest for food and feed in China has led to increased soil cultivation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, and as a consequence to increased wind erosion and unbalanced crop nutrition. In the study presented here, we explored the long-term effects of various combinations of maize stover, cattle manure and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutrient and water use efficiencies under reduced tillage practices. In a companion paper, we present the effects on nutrient balances and soil fertility characteristics. The ongoing factorial field trial was conducted at Shouyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in northern China from 1993 onwards. The incomplete, determinant-optimal design comprised 12 treatments, including a control treatment, in duplicate. Grain yields and N, P, and potassium (K) uptakes and N, P and K use efficiencies were greatly influenced by the amount of rain during the growing season (GSR), and by soil water at sowing (SWS). There were highly significant interactions between GSR and added stover and manure, expressed in complex annual variations in grain yield and N, P and K use efficiencies. Annual mean grain yields ranged from 3,000 kg ha⁻¹ to 10,000 kg ha⁻¹ and treatment mean yields from 4,500 kg ha⁻¹ to 7,000 kg ha⁻¹. Balanced combination of stover (3,000–6,000 kg), manure (1,500–6,000 kg) and N fertilizer (105 kg) gave the highest yield. Stover and manure were important for supplying K, but the effects differed greatly between years. Overall mean N recovery efficiency (NRE) ranged from 28% to 54%, depending on N source. NRE in wet years ranged from 50% to 90%. In conclusion, balanced combinations of stover, manure and NP fertilizer gave the highest yield and NRE. Reduced tillage with adding stover and manure in autumn prior to ploughing is effective in minimizing labor requirement and wind erosion. The potentials of split applications of N fertilizer, targeted to the need of the growing crop (response farming), should be explored to further increase the N use efficiency.     

全水发泡硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料技术研究进展

对CFC 11发泡替代技术中全水发泡技术路线进行了分析 ,指出水作为发泡剂存在的优点与不足。着重阐述了全水发泡中几种主要因素如水的用量、聚醚多元醇性质和结构以及异氰酸酯指数对泡沫性能的影响 ,并对国外近些年来全水发泡用聚醚多元醇研究现状进行了详细论述     

Some aspects of the carbonization of vacuum distillation residue from crude oil

These studies concern the carbonization process of residues from vacuum distillation of crude oil. Some explanation aspects of the hypothetic reaction mechanism controlling the carbonization of high molecular weight components of crude oil are developed. On the basis of numerous experimental investigations, the thermal decomposition process can be divided into two stages, the first, from 670 to 790 K, in which the decomposition reactions take place and low and medium weight molecular compounds are emitted and the second stage, from above 790 K to 1000 K, in which cyclization, condensation and aromatization processes take place, and the degree of structural ordering in the solid products increases.     

关于减法补数复合函数的均值估计

用初等方法和解析方法研究类似于Smarandache减法补数的复合函数性质,获得了3个较强的均值公式,完善了加法补函数与减法补函数在数论中的研究和运用。     

用电解锰渣制备高铁硫铝酸盐水泥熟料

以湘潭电化集团“两矿法”生产电解二氧化锰排放的电解锰渣（EMR）为原料,采用X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）、扫描电子显微镜一能谱仪（SEM—EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析（TG）等检测手段对其化学组成、形貌特征、物相结构及物化性质进行了分析．结果表明,电解锰渣是一种富含Si、S、Fe、Ca、Al的材料,可以用作烧制高铁硫铝酸盐水泥（FAC）熟料的原材料．分别考察了煅烧温度、保温时间、电解锰渣掺量对高铁硫铝酸盐水泥抗压强度的影响,当煅烧温度1200℃、保温时间60min、电解锰渣掺量25％左右时为煅烧工艺的最优条件,3d抗压强度最高可达49．8MPa．研究结果可为电解锰渣的资源化利用提供新的途径和方向．