硝酸铈铵绿色化学工艺与传统工艺的对比

从原子经济性出发,对以碳酸铈为原料合成硝酸铈铵的绿色化学工艺与传统工艺进行了对比.与传统工艺相比,绿色化学工艺的原子利用率提高30.01个百分点,原子效率因子提高24.44个百分点.     

聚磷酸铵合成工艺条件研究

在常压条件下研究以湿法磷酸生产的磷酸二氢铵和尿素为原料生产聚磷酸铵的合成工艺条件，得到较温和的合成低聚合度聚磷酸铵的工艺参数。通过正交试验对聚磷酸铵的聚合条件进行了优化，得到了最佳工艺条件：反应温度160℃，反应时间1．5h，原料配比（磷酸二氢铵与尿素物质的量比）为1：1．1。在最佳工艺条件下合成的聚磷酸铵的聚合度达到了34，氨氮含量和有效磷含量分别为16．65％和70．20％（均为质量分数）。     

氨基硫脲的研制

以硫氰酸铵和水合肼为原料，用丙酮作异构催化剂合成氨基硫脲。一次收率为８９．０３％，用５０％母液循环使用，收率达到９２．５％，产品质量符合要求。     

前驱体热解法制备Al2O3的物相转变及其合成

本文着重考查了Al2O3的前驱体一碳酸铝铵沉淀的形成过程及煅烧过程物相变化，发现可通过调节反应条件和加入合适的表面活性剂，来控制碳酸铝铵晶核的形成及晶体的生长速度，有效地阻止了Al2O3的团聚，并在温度1150摄氏度下制备出分散的Al2O3，其平均粒径为－2um，比表面为－3m^2/g。     

高分子型阳离子抗静电剂性质的研究

设计合成了聚丙烯酰胺季铵盐类的抗静电剂。当高聚物的溶液浓度为1．44％，涤纶织物在25℃、RH66％的半衰期为0秒．静电压为0KV，15次水洗后半衰期为1．7秒，静电压为0．35KV。研究结果表明：这种阳离子型高聚物具有优良的抗静电性和耐水洗性。     

十六烷基二甲基(2-亚硫酸)乙基铵生物降解及协同阻垢缓蚀效应

采用微生物摇床法、静态阻垢法和旋转挂片失重法对十六烷基二甲基（2-亚硫酸）乙基铵的生物降解性及与阻垢缓蚀剂的协同阻垢、缓蚀性进行了研究。结果表明，十六烷基二甲基（2-亚硫酸）乙基铵具有较好的生物降解性，与常用阻垢缓蚀剂复配有协同增效作用。     

Transformations and losses of fertilizer nitrogen on no-till and conventional till soils

A field study was conducted in 1982 to measure the effect of no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) systems on N transformation after surface and subsurface applications of N fertilizers. Urea, urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, (NH₄)₂SO₄ (AS), and CA(NO₃)₂ were applied to NT and CT plots (5.95 m²) at a rate of 448 kg N ha^–1. A comparison of fertilizer N recovered in soils receiving incorporated or surface applied N was used to estimate NH₃ volatilization while denitrification was estimated from fertilizer N recovered in the presence and absence of nitrapyrin with incorporated N. Immobilization was assessed in microplots (0.37 m²) after surface application of (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ to NT and CT systems at a rate of 220 kg N ha^–1.The results indicate little difference between NT and CT systems on urea hydrolysis rates and immobilization of surface applied fertilizer N. Approximately 50% and 10% of the surface applied N was recovered in the inorganic and organic fractions, respectively, on both tillage systems. The N not recovered was likely lost from plot areas through soil runoff. Incorporation of UAN, urea and AS resulted in 20 to 40% greater inorganic N recovery than from surface application. Nitrification rates were greater under the NT than the CT system. The similarities in concentration in the various N pools observed between the two tillage systems may be partially due to the short length of time that NT was imposed in this field study (<1 year) since other researchers using established tillage systems (>5 y) indicate that NT tends to promote decreased efficiency of fertilizer N.     

双核酞菁钴磺酸铵用于催化裂化汽油的脱臭

采用尿素法合成了双核酞菁钴磺酸铵;通过正交实验及单因素实验,考察了双核酞菁钴磺酸铵在液-液催化氧化法中对催化裂化汽油脱臭的最佳工艺条件:碱液质量分数为10%,催化剂加入量为1 0g·L-1,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为3min;与磺化酞菁钴和美国进口脱臭催化剂ARI100-EXL的脱硫醇效果进行了比较,结果表明双核酞菁钴磺酸铵对汽油的脱臭效果明显优越于磺化酞菁钴催化剂,与进口催化剂的脱臭效果基本相当。     

用木质素磺酸铵作标准化试剂提高单偶氮、双偶氮酸性染料的冷水溶解度的方法

一般的酸性染料溶解度较小,而本文所介绍的单或双偶氮酸性染料,实际上是以碱金属盐的形式存在,由于加入了（按重量计）80％～30％的木质素磺酸铵,改善了室温的冷水溶解度。木质素磺酸铵既作为标准化试剂,用来调节高强度染料到稳定的商品染料,同时又能提高染料在室温时冷水溶解度。     

Fate of nitrogen fertilizer applied to lowland rice on a Sulfic Tropaquept

A field experiment was conducted on an acid sulfate soil in Thailand to determine the effect of N fertilization practices on the fate of fertilizer-N and yield of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). A delayed broadcast application of ammonium phosphate sulfate (16-20-0) or urea was compared with basal incorporation of urea, deep placement of urea as urea supergranules (USG), and amendment of urea with a urease inhibitor. Deep placement of urea as USG significantly reduced floodwater urea- and ammoniacal-N concentrations following N application but did not reduce N loss, as determined from an¹⁵N balance, in this experiment where runoff loss was prevented. The urease inhibitor, phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD), had little effect on floodwater urea- and ammoniacal-N, and it did not reduce N loss. The floodwater pH never exceeded 4.5 in the 7 days following the first N applications, and application of 16-20-0 reduced floodwater pH by 0.1 to 0.3 units below the no-N control. The low floodwater pH indicated that ammonia volatilization was unimportant for all the N fertilization practices. Floodwater ammoniacal-N concentrations following application of urea or 16-20-0 were greater on this Sulfic Tropaquept than on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll with near neutral pH and alkaline floodwater. The prolonged, high floodwater N concentrations on this Sulfic Tropaquept suggested that runoff loss of applied N might be a potentially serious problem when heavy rainfall or poor water control follow N fertilization. The unaccounted-for¹⁵N in the¹⁵N balances, which presumably represented gaseous N losses, ranged from 20 to 26% of the applied N and was unaffected by urea fertilization practice. Grain yield and N uptake were significantly increased with applied N, but grain yield was not significantly affected by urea fertilization practice. Yield was significantly lower (P = 0.05) for 16-20-0 than for urea; however, this difference in yield might be due to later application of P and hence delayed availability of P in the 16-20-0 treatment.