An overview of algae bioethanol production

Because of rapid growth in population and industrialization, worldwide ethanol demand is increasing continuously. The first‐generation and second‐generation biofuels are unable to meet the global demand of bioethanol production because of their primary value of food and feed. Therefore, algae are among the most potentially significant sources of sustainable biofuels in the future of renewable energy because of the accumulating high starch/cellulose and because they are widely distributed in nature. The focus of this paper is to review the production and recent advances in research and development in the algae bioethanol, including pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation of algae biomass. Despite the many developments made in the recent years, commercialization of algal bioethanol remains challenging chiefly because of the techno‐economic constraints. Technological breakthroughs in all major aspects must be overcome before it can be a successfully large‐scale and commercialized product. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金属涂装硅烷前处理技术的研究进展

评述了金属涂装硅烷前处理技术的研究进展,对其成膜与防腐机理、工艺方法以及硅烷产品的改性做了详细的介绍。新型硅烷锆盐复合产品能够显著提高纳米膜层的耐蚀性,硅烷产品与高泳透力电泳涂料配套使用能够保证涂层的性能,硅烷产品稳定性的提高使其在工业生产中得到广泛应用。     

浅析履带浸涂质量影响因素

履带由于其外形复杂,对漆膜要求较低,目前普遍采用浸涂工艺,由于工艺简单,涂装往往不被重视,容易引发一些外观质量问题。从浸漆设备、涂料种类、工艺参数、前处理4个方面探讨了影响浸涂质量的因素。     

基于GMDH算法的配电网线损数据预处理研究

针对当前配电网线损计算的特点及数据存在缺失、异常等情况,基于数据分组处理算法(GMDH)建立了配电网线损缺失数据的预处理模型,实现对线损缺失数据的预处理。模型基于最邻近算法确定因变量和自变量缺失值的上下限,并进行随机插补,建立所有变量的数据分组处理模型,寻找最优复杂度模型,计算缺失值并进行迭代循环。算例结果表明,模型计算结果误差小、运算速度快,对缺失的线损数据能进行有效的动态更新,提升了数据质量,优化线损计算分析结果。     

Efficient tuning of microstructure and surface chemistry of nanocarbon catalysts for ethylbenzene direct dehydrogenation

A facile and scalable approach to efficiently tune microstructure and surface chemical properties of N‐doped carbocatalysts through the controlled glucose hydrothermal treatment with diverse parameters and subsequent pyrolysis of pretreated carbonaceous materials with melamine (GHT‐PCM) was presented. Various characterization techniques including high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), N₂ adsorption desorption (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to investigate the effect of prior GHT on the microstructure and surface chemical properties of N‐doped carbocatalysts, as well as to reveal the relationship between catalyst nature and catalytic performance in oxidant‐ and steam‐free direct dehydrogenation (DDH) of ethylbenzene for styrene production. It was found that the GHT process and its conditions significantly affect microstructure and surface chemical properties of the N‐doped carbocatalysts, which subsequently influences their catalytic performance in DDH reaction dramatically. Interestingly, the prior GHT can remove the carbon nitride layer formed on parent nanocarbon in the process of melamine pyrolysis, produce structural defects, and tune surface element component, through the “detonation” of polysaccharide coating on nanocarbon. The as‐prepared N‐doped CNT (M‐Glu‐CNT) by the established GHT‐PCM approach demonstrates higher catalytic performance (4.6 mmol g^?1h^?1 styrene rate with 98% selectivity) to the common N‐doped CNT (M‐CNT, 3.4 mmol g^?1 h^?1 styrene rate with 98.2% selectivity) as well as to pristine CNT (2.8 mmol g^?1 h^?1 styrene rate with 96.8% selectivity), mainly ascribed to increased structural defects, enriched surface ketonic C?O groups, and improved basic properties from N‐doping on the M‐Glu‐CNT, those strongly depend on GHT conditions. The excellent catalytic performance of the developed M‐Glu‐CNT catalyst endows it with great potential for future clean production of styrene via oxidant‐ and steam‐free conditions. Moreover, the directed GHT‐PCM strategy can be extended to the other N‐doped carbonaceous materials with enhanced catalytic performance in diverse reactions by tuning their microstructure and surface chemistry. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2543–2561, 2015     

Effects and modelling of ultrasonic waste‐activated sludge disintegration

Sonication is a well‐known sludge pretreatment technique with the advantages of simple operation and high efficiency. However, it is an energy‐intensive process. Hence, it is very important to predetermine its sludge disintegration efficiency at varying pretreatment conditions in order to minimize the ultrasonic energy consumption. In this study, it was found that the ultrasonic sludge disintegration occurred in two stages: rapid and subsequent slow disintegration stages. For this reason, it was aimed to develop a simple and accurate mathematical model to describe the two‐stage sludge disintegration as a function of pretreatment conditions. Sludge concentration and ultrasonic density along with sonication period were involved in this model as independent variables. It was determined that the mathematical model can predict accurately the degree of sludge disintegration. Thus, the proposed model was seen to be very useful for evaluating the disintegration efficiency and/or for process design using the operating parameters under different conditions.     

Altering protein conformation to improve fermentative hydrogen production from protein wastewater

One important reason for low hydrogen production from protein wastewater is due to the native folded conformation of protein. In this study the enhancement of bio-hydrogen production from protein wastewater by altering protein conformation via pretreatment was reported. Firstly, the effect of different pretreatment methods (acid, alkali, heat, and ultraviolet) on hydrogen production from synthetic protein wastewater was compared. The hydrogen production from the ultraviolet pretreated wastewater was 111.3 mL/g-protein, which was 3.79-, 3.73-, 3.54-, and 1.36-fold of that from the unpretreated (blank), acid, alkali, and heat pretreated wastewater, respectively. Then, the reasons for ultraviolet pretreatment showing significantly higher hydrogen production than other pretreatments were investigated. It was found that all pretreatments did not cause the cleavage of peptide bond, but the ultraviolet one caused much greater damage of hydrogen bonding networks and unfolding of protein. Thus, during anaerobic fermentation much higher protease activity and protein utilization were observed, which resulted in the bio-hydrogen production being remarkably improved. Further studies indicated that the photo-oxidization of aromatic residues in protein was not the reason for ultraviolet pretreatment remarkably improving bio-hydrogen production. Finally, the application of ultraviolet pretreatment to enhance hydrogen production from real protein wastewater was testified.     

精细化工氯化蔗糖废水站处理工艺改造

某精细化工厂氯化蔗糖废水处理站原处理工艺出水水质不能达到园区接管标准.针对氯化蔗糖废水的水质特点,在充分利用原有处理设施的基础上,对原处理系统进行了改造,增加了预处理和深度处理.介绍了该工程的背景、改造工艺流程、主要处理构筑物设计参数,总结了工程特点.