钙析法和酸析法所产褐藻胶质量比较的研究

分别采用酸析法和钙析法提取褐藻酸钠，对所得褐藻胶的质量和得率，以及两种方法的耗费成本进行了比较。实验结果显示：酸析法与钙析法所得褐藻胶在灰分含量、透明度、含钙量和纯度指标上没有显著差异，但是酸析法所得褐藻胶的水不溶物含量较钙析法所得样品低，粘度及凝胶强度均高于钙析法所得样品，两者差异显著，这表明酸析法所得褐藻胶的质量优于钙析法所得褐藻胶：另经分析表明酸析法较钙析法消耗原料少、耗能少、省时省水，且褐藻胶得率无显著性差异，可达到节能减排的目的。     

Vascular calcification: Inducers and inhibitors

Unlike the traditional beliefs, there are mounting evidences suggesting that ectopic mineral depositions, including vascular calcification are mostly active processes, many times resembling that of the bone mineralization. Numbers of agents are involved in the differentiation of certain subpopulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) into the osteoblast-like entity, and the activation and initiation of extracellular matrix ossification process. On the other hand, there are factors as well, that prevent such differentiation and ectopic calcium phosphate formation. In normal physiological environments, activities of such procalcific and anticalcific regulatory factors are in harmony, prohibiting abnormal calcification from occurring. However, in certain pathophysiological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and diabetes, such balances are altered, resulting in abnormal ectopic mineral deposition. Understanding the factors that regulate the formation and inhibition of ectopic mineral formation would be beneficial in the development of tissue engineering strategies for prevention and/or treatment of such soft-tissue calcification. Current review focuses on the factors that seem to be clinically relevant and/or could be useful in developing future tissue regeneration strategies. Clinical utilities and implications of such factors are also discussed.     

钙化改性研制高硬度氧化蜡

以石蜡和聚乙烯蜡为主要原料，进行催化氧化反应，制得氧化蜡，然后对其进行钙化改性，得到高硬度的改性蜡。在钙化反应温度120℃，反应时间为4h条件下，考察了氢氧化钙用量对改性蜡性能的影响。结果表明，当氢氧钙用量为3．0％时，所得改性蜡的硬度等性质与天然硬蜡（巴西棕榈蜡）的性质接近，酸值为3．20mgKOH／g，皂化值为78．83mgKOH／g，针入度为1．7（0．1mm），滴熔点为86．9℃。     

Integration of clinical and imaging data to predict death in hemodialysis patients

In a prior publication, we demonstrated that a model integrating clinical and simple imaging data predicted the presence and severity of coronary artery calcification in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Herein we report the ability of the same model to predict all‐cause death. We assessed all‐cause mortality in 141 consecutive maintenance hemodialysis patients from two dialysis centers followed for a median of 79 months from enrollment. Patients were risk stratified according to a simple cardiovascular calcification index (CCI) that included patient's age, dialysis vintage, calcification of the cardiac valves, and abdominal aorta. The mean patients’ age was 55 ± 14 years. Abdominal aorta calcification was present in 57% of the patients, and 44% and 38% had aortic and mitral valve calcification, respectively. During follow‐up, 75 deaths (93 deaths per 1000 person‐years) were recorded. The CCI was linearly associated with risk of death, such that the unadjusted hazard risk (HR) increased by 12% for each point increase in CCI (P < 0.001). Further adjustments for age, sex, study center, diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure did not substantially change the strength of this association (HR 1.10; 95%CI: 1.00–1.21; P = 0.03). The CCI is a simple clinical model that can be used to risk stratify maintenance hemodialysis patients.     

Left ventricular mass index and aortic arch calcification score are independent mortality predictors of maintenance hemodialysis patients

To analyze predictive factors for all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, nonfatal CV events (CVE) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, and to compare the effects of standard hemodialysis (HD) and online hemodiafiltration (HDF) on these factors and outcomes. A total of 333 MHD patients were prospectively followed up for 50 ± 15 months and all‐cause death, CV death and CVE were registered. At the baseline, demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the whole population were recorded. Then, patients were stratified into two groups according to the dialysis modalities, HD (n = 268) and HDF (n = 65). At the end of 6th month, clinical and laboratory data were recorded again. The predictive factors at baseline for all‐cause mortality, CV mortality, and CVE were analyzed by Cox regression. The effects of HD and HDF on these factors at the 6th month and long‐term outcomes were compared by t‐test and Kaplan–Meier method, respectively. Age, gender, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), aortic arch calcification score (AoACS), hemoglobin (Hb) <10 g/dL, and ferritin >500 ng/mL maintained independent associations with all‐cause mortality. C‐reactive protein (CRP), LVMI, AoACS, and Hb <10 g/dL were associated with CV mortality. Prior cardiovascular disease (CVD), AoACS and LVMI were independent predictors of nonfatal CVE. Higher body mass index (BMI), body weight, total serum cholesterol, Hb concentration, and lower CRP level, LVMI, and AoACS were found in patients on HDF at the end of the 6th month. Improved outcomes with longer survival time for all‐cause mortality, CV mortality, and CVE were found in HDF group. Age, gender, LVMI, AoACS, Hb, and ferritin were predictors of all‐cause mortality in MHD patients. CRP, LVMI, AoACS, and Hb were associated with CV mortality. Prior CVD, AoACS, and LVMI were independent predictors of nonfatal CVE. HDF could improve BMI, body weight, total serum cholesterol, Hb, CRP, LVMI, AoACS, and long‐term outcomes, including all‐cause mortality, CV mortality, and CVE.     

热处理对板栗果实石灰化和生理特性的影响

以0、20、30、35、40和45℃的温度分别处理河南确山“红油栗”0、4、8、12和16d,研究处理后的石灰化指数和生理生化变化。结果显示,板栗接受热处理的温度越高、时间越长,组织水分损失越多,石灰化程度越严重。石灰化指数与处理温度呈显著正相关(r=0.6721,a=0.01下同),与果肉组织含水量呈显著负相关(r=-0.9333)。伴随板栗石灰化的发生,呼吸强度增加、MDA上升、O22-发生明显波动的变化,板栗石灰化指数与MDA含量呈显著正相关(r=0.8059),并且其变化速度与呼吸强度和O22-含量也呈显著正相关(r=0.5680,0.5016)。     

板栗贮藏失水过程对淀粉及其加工特性的影响研究

摘 要：目的 探究板栗石灰化过程中主要生理品质和加工特性的变化。方法 以贵州‘仓更’板栗为原料,测定板栗失水石灰化过程中的总淀粉、直链、支链淀粉含量和相关酶活性的变化;采用扫描电镜、红外光谱和X射线衍射分析板栗原粉和淀粉结构差异;通过糊化性质和流变特性评估其加工特性。结果 石灰化后板栗总淀粉、直链、支链淀粉含量显著（P＜0.05）降低,淀粉酶活性先升高后降低;板栗原粉中生成了更多直链淀粉-脂质复合物,淀粉颗粒表面出现裂纹;淀粉分子有序结构减少,相对结晶度下降;淀粉糊化温度升高,热焓值下降,淀粉结构稳定性变差;且淀粉糊表现为假塑性流体,具有剪切稀化现象,淀粉糊黏弹性下降。结论 板栗淀粉酶活性的上升,淀粉水解以及淀粉结构的变化与板栗石灰化的发生密切相关并改变其生理品质和加工特性。     

钙化焙烧-酸浸提钒过程中含钒物相结构及其演变规律研究

对钒渣、熟料和残渣中含钒物相微观结构、形貌以及钒元素走向进行了分析, 考察了钙化焙烧-酸浸提钒过程中含钒物相结构及其演变规律。结果表明: 钙化焙烧过程中钒尖晶石由初始光滑致密的多边形逐渐氧化成多孔状态, 直至最后生成凹凸不平的“圆粒状”氧化铁和“短柱状”铁板钛矿, 钒元素也由最初富集在钒尖晶石中逐渐向钒酸钙、氧化铁、铁板钛矿和硅酸盐中转移; 酸浸过程中熟料中凹凸不平的含钒氧化物(氧化铁、铁板钛矿和钒酸钙)逐渐变为“镂空状”铁板钛矿相, 大部分钒元素被硫酸浸出, 残留的钒元素主要赋存于氧化铁、铁板钛矿和硅酸钙中。     

BGP-15 Inhibits Hyperglycemia-Aggravated VSMC Calcification Induced by High Phosphate

Vascular calcification associated with high plasma phosphate (Pi) level is a frequent complication of hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. BGP-15 is an emerging anti-diabetic drug candidate. This study was aimed to explore whether BGP-15 inhibits high Pi-induced calcification of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under normal glucose (NG) and high glucose (HG) conditions. Exposure of VSMCs to Pi resulted in accumulation of extracellular calcium, elevated cellular Pi uptake and intracellular pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) level, loss of smooth muscle cell markers (ACTA, TAGLN), and enhanced osteochondrogenic gene expression (KLF-5, Msx-2, Sp7, BMP-2). Increased Annexin A2 and decreased matrix Gla protein (MGP) content were found in extracellular vesicles (EVs). The HG condition markedly aggravated Pi-induced VSMC calcification. BGP-15 inhibited Pi uptake and PDK-4 expression that was accompanied by the decreased nuclear translocation of KLF-5, Msx-2, Sp7, retained VSMC markers (ACTA, TAGLN), and decreased BMP-2 in both NG and HG conditions. EVs exhibited increased MGP content and decreased Annexin A2. Importantly, BGP-15 prevented the deposition of calcium in the extracellular matrix. In conclusion, BGP-15 inhibits Pi-induced osteochondrogenic phenotypic switch and mineralization of VSMCs in vitro that make BGP-15 an ideal candidate to attenuate both diabetic and non-diabetic vascular calcification.     

Effect of sevelamer on aortic pulse wave velocity in patients on hemodialysis: a prospective observational study

Aortic stiffening and aortic calcification are risk factors for cardiovascular events in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and these 2 risk factors are interrelated. Sevelamer decreases aortic calcification but its effect on aortic stiffness has not been investigated previously. Thirteen HD patients commencing sevelamer treatment and 13 matched controls were followed for 11 months. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), and levels of inhibitors of vascular calcification (fetuin-A, matrix-GLA-protein, osteoprotegerin/RANKL) were measured at baseline and at the end of follow-up, and the differences between the groups were compared. Determinants of the changes in PWV during follow-up were assessed by multivariate linear regression. At baseline, PWV was 9.93 (2.10) m/s in sevelamer-treated patients and 9.20 (2.84) m/s in control patients (p=0.464). By the end of follow-up, PWV decreased by 0.83 (2.3) m/s in sevelamer-treated patients while it increased by 0.93 (1.88) m/s in controls (p=0.042). The direction of changes in AIx were similar, but not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in the levels of inhibitors of calcification either at baseline or during follow-up. In multivariate linear regression sevelamer treatment, diabetes, heart rate, and C-reactive protein were related to the change in PWV. These data suggest that sevelamer treatment is associated with an improvement in aortic stiffness in HD patients, but it does not seem to affect serum levels of inhibitors of vascular calcification.