基于15N质量平衡法研究养殖消化废水中氨氮的去除机理

为避免养猪场消化废水对环境造成的污染,利用微藻去除消化废水中营养物质的二次处理方法受到了广泛关注。采用¹⁵N质量平衡法研究了鞘藻去除氨氮的主要机理,重点研究了鞘藻生长与氨氮去除的关系以及氨氮去除的主要途径。经高压灭菌后的消化废水在鞘藻培养期的氨氮去除率为96.2%,鞘藻特定生长率为0.04~0.15;稀释后的原消化废水氨氮的去除率为94.1%,鞘藻特定生长率为-0.14~0.13。通过曝气的汽提效应对氨的去除有显著的促进作用,尤其在高pH值试验条件下更有利于脱氨。¹⁵N同位素质量平衡分析表明,原始消化废水中存在的细菌对氨氮的去除影响小,在鞘藻培养期去除原消化废水中氨氮的主要途径是鞘藻的吸收和气体的损失,分别占总氮量的40.97%和32.59%。氨氮的去除与主要影响因素间的回归和通径分析表明,要提高氨氮去除率,需要提高鞘藻Chl-a含量和DO浓度,同时限制或保持pH值在弱碱性状态。     

Application of electrode materials and catalysts in electrocatalytic treatment of dye wastewater

The dye industry produces a large amount of hazardous wastewater every day worldwide, which brings potential threaten to the global environment. As an excellent method for removal of water chroma and chemical oxygen demand, electrocatalytic methods are currently widely used in the treatment of dye wastewater. The selection and preparation of electrode materials and electrocatalysts play an important role on the electrocatalytic treatment. The aim of this paper is to introduce the most excellent high-efficiency electrode materials and electrocatalysts in the field of dye wastewater treatment. Many electrode materials such as metal electrode materials, boron-doped diamond anode materials and three-dimensional electrode are introduced in detail. Besides, the mechanism of electrocatalytic oxidation is summarized. The composite treatment of active electrode and electrocatalyst are extensively examined. Finally, the progress of photo-assisted electrocatalytic methods of dye wastewater and the catalysts are described.     

Application of an immobilized microbial consortium for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater: Batch-wise and continuous studies

In the present investigation, a microbial consortium consisting of four bacterial strains was selected for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The consortium was immobilized on a natural support matrix-Luffa and used for the treatment of real-time pharmaceutical wastewater in batch and continuous processes. The batch process was carried out to optimize the culture conditions and monitor the enzymatic activity. An array of enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, monooxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and hydroquinol 1,2-dioxygenase were produced by the consortium. The kinetics of the degradation in the batch process was analyzed and it was noted to be a first-order reaction. For the continuous study, an aerobic fixed-film bioreactor (AFFBR) was utilized for a period of 61 days with variable hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR). The immobilized microbes treated the wastewater by reducing the COD, phenolic contaminants and suspended solids. The OLR ranged between (0.56 ± 0.05) kg COD·m^-3 d^-1 to 3.35 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1 and the system achieved an average reduction of 96.8% of COD, 92.6% of phenolic compounds and 95.2% of suspended solids. Kinetics of the continuous process was interpreted by three different models, where the modified Stover Kincannon model and the Grau second-order model proved to be best fit for the degradation reaction with the constant for saturation value, KL being 95.12 g·L^-1·d^-1, the constant for maximum utilization of the substrate U_max being 90.01 g·L^-1 d^-1 and substrate removal constant K_Y was 1.074 d^-1 for both the models. GC-MS analysis confirmed that most of the organic contaminants were degraded into innocuous metabolites.     

脱硫废水旋转喷雾蒸发特性实验研究

脱硫废水旋转喷雾干燥技术是一种利用热烟气蒸发脱硫废水的零排放技术。开展了不同悬浮物（SS）含量的脱硫废水原水以及经浓缩的高盐废水的蒸发实验,采用可视化手段观察了脱硫废水在干燥塔内的蒸发特性,考察了脱硫废水喷雾蒸发过程中停留时间、进口烟气温度、气液比对蒸发特性的影响。结果表明,旋转喷雾蒸发工艺对高盐、高SS含量等复杂脱硫废水组分具有较佳的适应性;脱硫废水从旋转雾化器喷出后迅速蒸发,主蒸发区在雾化盘下方0.75~1.00 m区域内;随后是蒸发析出的未干盐分及未完全蒸发的废水液滴进一步蒸干至含水率低于2 %;烟气在喷雾干燥塔内的停留时间需要维持在20 s以上才能保证塔出口灰分含水率低于2 %;入口烟气温度越高,其塔底及塔出口的灰分含水率越低,在气液比为12 000 m³/m³（标准状态）的废水工况下,入口烟温为280 ℃时已经难以保证废水液滴良好蒸发;在入口烟气温度为340 ℃、气液比大于10 000 m³/m³（标准状态）时,塔底灰分含水率小于2%,蒸发效果良好。     

某机械公司前处理和电泳废水处理工程实例

某主要生产驾驶舱和建筑机械的公司在生产过程中采用的电泳涂装工艺产生了一定量的前处理和电泳废水,其中磷化等工序还产生了含磷废水。为执行政府的节能减排政策和实现含磷废水零排放,对前处理非磷工序和电泳的混合废水采用“混凝+活性污泥+砂滤+活性炭吸附”的工艺进行处理,对含磷废水采用“混凝+活性污泥+砂滤+活性炭吸附+精密过滤+离子交换+反渗透”的工艺。经处理后,出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准,回用中水达到企业标准。少量含磷浓缩液和干化污泥委外处理,避免了二次污染。     

改性粉煤灰对燃煤电厂脱硫废水中氯离子的吸附性能

为了将"以废治废"的理念融入实际工业应用中,开展对燃煤电厂固体废弃物粉煤灰改性后在不同条件下进行脱硫废水的吸附实验研究。结果表明,改性粉煤灰的最佳投加量为25 g/L,此时对废水中Cl^-的去除率最大,为56%;在45℃和pH为5的条件下,粉煤灰对Cl^-的吸附量最大,在反应约280 min时达到吸附平衡。该吸附过程为吸热反应,且符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。改性粉煤灰吸附前后物相组成、官能团的明显变化进一步说明改性后粉煤灰的吸附性能增强,吸附主要以物理吸附为主,同时伴有化学吸附过程。     

HEDP镀铜废水的组合处理方法

提出了一种HEDP镀铜废水的组合处理方法:用石灰乳液调节废水的pH至10~12后,加入氯化钙沉淀HEDP和酒石酸钾钠配位剂,从配合物中释放出的铜离子生成氢氧化铜沉淀;然后加入二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠沉淀残留的配合物中的铜离子,所释放出的HEDP及酒石酸根进一步与钙离子生成沉淀物。该方法简单、成本低,出水能满足排放要求。     

氨碱废液溶采二层盐制备优级液体盐工艺研究

针对内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖补水困难、二层盐硫酸根含量高、氨碱废液排量大后处理困难等技术难题,分别探究了二层盐饱和卤水混配氨碱废液制备液体盐工艺,以及氨碱废液混兑蒸馏水后溶采二层盐制备液体盐工艺。通过在线拉曼实验,测得该反应达到平衡需要1 h以上;探究了机械搅拌速率、化学反应时间、氨碱废液与蒸馏水混配比例等因素对液体盐氯化钠、硫酸根、钙离子含量的影响。结果表明：在硫酸根和钙离子物质的量比为1∶1、25 ℃、300 r/min条件下,氯化钙和硫酸钠的反应过程是二水硫酸钙结晶过程的速率控制步骤;二层盐饱和卤水混配氨碱废液制备液体盐工艺中,在相同条件下,反应120 min后分离可获得优级液体盐;氨碱废液混配蒸馏水后直接溶采二层盐制备液体盐工艺中,氨碱废液与蒸馏水体积混配比例为1∶（5.55~6.36）、25 ℃、300 r/min条件下,反应120 min后分离可获得优级液体盐。     

负载改性钾长石吸附废水中苯酚的研究

以钾长石为原料,采用氧化钙和硅酸钠对其进行负载,使其具有更多的微介孔结构,再用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对其改性,合成得到的钾长石负载改性物（CK）对废水中苯酚进行吸附。考察了CK添加量、溶液初始pH、吸附时间、苯酚初始浓度等因素对CK吸附苯酚的影响,并结合动力学及热力学模型进行拟合探究其吸附机理。结果表明,苯酚去除率随着CK添加量的增加而增加;溶液呈中性时吸附效果较佳;吸附在1 h时开始趋于平衡;随着苯酚初始质量浓度（50~3 000 mg/L）的增加,CK对苯酚的吸附量可增至30.32 mg/g并趋于饱和,该值是原材料的9倍多。准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型能较好地描述CK对苯酚的吸附过程,说明该过程以化学吸附为主。Langmuir、Freundlich等温吸附模型均能说明钾长石经负载改性后有利于吸附废水中的苯酚。     

改性羧甲基壳聚糖的制备及其去除冶炼废水中的氟

采用自制铁基生物絮凝剂（BPFS）对羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)进行改性,并研究其对废水中氟的去除。考察了羧甲基壳聚糖CMC/Fe质量比、BPFS-CMC投加量、pH、反应时间对氟离子去除效果的影响。结果表明,水中残余氟离子浓度随CMC/Fe质量比升高而升高;随改性羧甲基壳聚糖投加量的增加而降低,而且与羧甲基壳聚糖单独处理含氟废水相比,氟离子去除效果有明显提高,当BPFS-CMC投加量为3%（体积分数）时,氟离子去除率由33.05%提高到62.70%;酸性条件有利于氟离子的去除;随反应时间的增加,氟离子浓度缓慢下降。当羧甲基壳聚糖CMC/Fe质量比为0.05,投加量3%,pH=5,反应时间10 min时,水中残余氟离子浓度为7.78 mg/L,低于国家《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》(GB 25466—2010)规定的限值。