Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Ozonation to Degrade Aflatoxin in Corn

ABSTRACT: This study determined the efficacy and safety of ozonation in degrading aflatoxin in corn. Ozonation (10 to 12 wt%) reduced aflatoxin levels by 92% and no reversion to the parent compound was observed. Ozonation had minimal effect on fatty acids of uncontaminated corn, but had significant effect on fatty acids of contaminated corn. Crude extracts showed no mutagenic potential in the Ames assay using TA98 and TA100. Clean-up using hexane increased their mutagenic potentials. Clean-up using Mycosep columns increased the mutagenic potentials 18 to 617%. Hexane extracts from ozone-treated contaminated corn had lower inhibitory effect. This suggested that a fat-soluble mutagen is being formed or natural inhibitors of mutagenicity are being destroyed.     

Fracture Intensity Distributions during Compression of Puffed Corn Meal Extrudates: Method for Quantifying Fracturability

The distribution of fracture intensities occurring during compression of puffed corn meal extrudates was described using an exponential function, and parameters from that analysis were used as fracturability indices. Since “jagged” or oscillating stress-strain functions are typical for porous and brittle materials, fracture intensities were determined by measuring the abrupt, sequential reductions in stress produced during compression. Both distribution exponent and cumulative fracture stress correlated strongly with fracturability measured by other techniques, including fractal and Fourier analysis of stress-strain functions. Distribution parameters also indicated textural differences due to process parameters (structural modification through addition of different levels of sucrose) and storage conditions (equilibration at various relative humidities).     

Emulsifying Capacity and Emulsion Stability of Soy Proteins Compared with Corn Germ Protein Flour

Both emulsifying capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES) increased with increasing concentrations from 0.4% to 0.8% of soy flour (SF), soy concentrate (SC), soy isolate (SI) and corn germ protein flour (CGPF) when studied by response surface methodology. EC and ES increased as pH increased from 6 to 8 in all samples. Increasing incubation temperatures of protein solutions from 20–70°C or from 4–20°C did not affect EC or ES, respectively. SF had the highest EC, followd by SI, SC, and CGPF.     

The microbiology of mixed salad containing raw and cooked ingredients without dressing

Growth of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in mixed salad without dressing, containing cooked sweet corn and raw endive, was similar to that of raw endive alone. At 9°C, sweet corn permitted the growth of the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides , whenever the bacterium was present on raw endive, whereas no growth of lactic acid bacteria was recorded on raw endive alone. Listeria monocytogenes , artificially inoculated in the samples, grew more in the mixed salad than in the raw endive alone, for products stored at 6°C and 9°C. Acidification of sweet corn to pH 5.0 was proposed to reduce the development of L. monocytogenes in the mixed salad to a level similar to that recorded in the raw endive alone. Acidification with citric acid reduced spoilage of sweet corn, whereas acetic acid caused necrosis on the leaves of raw endive.     

一株秸秆纤维素降解菌株的筛选及其降解特性

纤维素是自然界一种最重要的可再生资源,本文从玉米地土壤中分离出 1 株产纤维素酶能力较强的菌株J-N3。以羧甲基纤维素为唯一碳源的分离培养基和刚果红染色法进行初筛,再将筛选到的菌株进行液体发酵培养并测定酶活。结合形态学特征与分子生物学鉴定结果得知,菌株J-N3为芽孢杆菌属( Bacillus)。并对其酶学性质进行初步研究,得到酶最适pH为6.0时,最适反应温度为50 ℃。玉米秸秆经菌株 J-N3处理20 d 时,秸秆失重率及纤维素分解率分别达到26.22%、31.01%。     

几种玉米种子处理剂防治草地贪夜蛾药效试验

为压低前期虫口基数,筛选对草地贪夜蛾防效较好的种子处理剂,设计并开展此试验。试验结果表明,几种种衣剂对玉米生长安全,在玉米生长前期4个处理对草地贪夜蛾的防效均超过60%。防效最好的为40%溴酰·噻虫嗪FS 450 g/100 kg种子处理,平均保苗率为89.97%,播种后21 d虫口防效为91.21%;其次为50%氯虫苯甲酰胺FS 680 g/100 kg种子处理,保苗率为80.18%,虫口防效为82.1%,但其出苗率与50%氯虫苯甲酰胺FS 530 g/100 kg种子处理相比有所下降。50%氯虫苯甲酰胺FS 530 g/100 kg种子处理出苗率最高,为92.67%,平均保苗率为70.44%,虫口防效为61.54%。35%苯甲·吡虫啉FS 500 g/100 kg种子处理出苗率和保苗率都是几个处理中最低的。在生产上可以推广使用40%溴酰·噻虫嗪FS 450 g/100 kg种子和50%氯虫苯甲酰胺FS 530 g/100 kg种子。     

液压-齿轮-齿条圆弧分型抽芯压铸模设计

给出了龙头体液压-齿轮-齿条圆弧分型抽芯压铸模实用结构，论述了模具的浇铸系统、结构特点和工作原理。该模具采用扇形龄轮-齿条机构实现龙头体铸件的侧向圆弧分型抽芯，同时通过相应的两套斜销滑块机构分别实现龙头体铸件另外两个方向的侧向分型抽芯。     

高取代度玉米淀粉醋酸酯的合成与表征

以玉米淀粉为原料,醋酸酐为酯化剂,甲烷磺酸为催化剂,制备高取代度淀粉醋酸酯。研究了反应条件对产品取代度和结构的影响。结果表明:在n(淀粉葡萄糖基)∶n(醋酸酐)=1∶5.18,甲烷磺酸0.003 5 mol,反应温度75℃的条件下反应3 h,合成了取代度2.83的淀粉醋酸酯。用FTIR和1HNMR方法研究了淀粉醋酸酯的化学结构。FTIR分析表明,随着取代度的增加淀粉醋酸酯的特征峰逐渐增强;根据1HNMR谱峰的变化计算了淀粉醋酸酯的取代度,与化学滴定法测定的取代度一致;通过X射线衍射、偏光显微镜分析表明,酯化反应过程中破坏了原淀粉的结晶结构,生成了具有非晶态结构的淀粉醋酸酯。该淀粉酯已经过扩大生产,性能良好。     

A novel technique for the preparation of secondary fatty amides

A technique for the synthesis of monosubstituted fatty amides at low temperature and ambient pressure was developed. This method involved the condensation of an amine with a triacylglycerol. The primary amine (ethyl,n-butyl,n-hexyl andn-octyl were tested) acted as reagent and solvent for the fatty substrates. No additional organic solvent or catalyst was added. Tallow, vegetable oils and fish oil all served well as substrates, as did pure tripalmitin. The rate of amidation was dependent upon temperature and the ratio of fat to amine. In a series of experiments conducted with tallow andn-butylamine at a fat:amine molar ratio of 1:16, amidation could be carried out at 20°C, producingn-butyltallowamide in 83% yield in 24 hr. When the fat:amine molar ratio was reduced to 1:8, and the temperature raised to 45°C, the amide yield was 87.6% in 24 hr. When the reaction was carried out at the boiling point ofn-butylamine (78°C) and at a fat:amine ratio of 1:8, the amide yield was 93.2% in 4 hr. The reaction progressed more rapidly with higher molecular weight amines. The identity and purity of the amides was assessed by thin-layer chromatography and confirmed by elemental analyses and infrared and C¹³ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

超滤-反渗透集成工艺处理玉米酒糟废水

研究了玉米酒精生产过程中产生的玉米酒糟废水的膜分离过程,开发了处理玉米酒糟废水的超滤-反渗透集成工艺。超滤选用截留相对分子质量为6 000的GR81PP膜平板分离器,入口压力控制为0.6 MPa,操作温度为50℃;反渗透选用标准脱盐率为90%的ESNAI-4040卷式膜分离器,入口压力控制为2.2 MPa,操作温度为40℃。反渗透透过液中蛋白质的平均截留率为94.70%,甘油的平均截留率为65.15%,COD值降到1 000 mg/L左右,可作为工艺回用水,而且反渗透浓缩液中可回收甘油等有用物质,超滤浓缩液可浓缩成饲料,节能效果显著。