上海市市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的监测及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解上海市市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙醇酯（MCPDE）和缩水甘油酯（GE）的污染水平，评估婴幼儿膳食暴露风险。方法 利用2020年上海市市售90件婴幼儿配方乳粉中MCPDE和GE的风险监测数据，结合婴幼儿膳食消费量数据，采用点评估法对婴幼儿经婴幼儿配方乳粉的3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GE进行膳食暴露评估。结果 上海市市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GE的检出率分别为100%、100%和12.2%，含量平均值分别为0.084、0.021和0.005 mg/kg，最大值分别为0.231、0.034和0.031 mg/kg。上海市0~6月龄婴儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入3-MCPDE的平均暴露量和P₉₅暴露量分别为1.262和2.166 μg/kg·BW，分别占3-MCPDE每日耐受摄入量（TDI，2 μg/kg·BW）的63.1%和108.3%。6~12、12~36月龄婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入3-MCPDE的平均暴露量和P₉₅暴露量均低于TDI值。不同月龄组婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入2-MCPDE的平均暴露量为0.118~0.319 μg/kg·BW。不同月龄组婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入GE的平均暴露边界比（MOE）和P₉₅ MOE均大于10 000。结论 上海市0~36月龄婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入3-MCPDE和GE的健康风险总体上处于可接受水平。但对于高食物消费量的0～6月龄婴儿，其通过婴幼儿配方乳粉暴露3-MCPDE的健康风险需引起关注。     

A Critical Review about the Health Risk Assessment of PAHs and Their Metabolites in Foods

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.     

Short- and long-term effectiveness of an empirically supported treatment for agoraphobia.

This study examined the effectiveness of individual high-density exposure (2–3 weeks, all day) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDAG). Participants were 416 unselected patients with a primary diagnosis of PDAG who were treated by 52 therapists in 3 outpatient clinics of the Christoph-Dornier Foundation of Clinical Psychology in Germany. Results 6 weeks after the end of therapy and at the 1-year follow-up showed highly significant reductions in anxiety symptoms, anxious cognition, agoraphobic avoidance, general symptomatology, and depressive symptoms. Results did not differ significantly between the 3 outpatient clinics and are comparable with the average effect sizes reported by meta-analytic studies of controlled efficacy research, using selected patients and specifically trained therapists. Effectiveness was not dependent on duration of disorder, number of treatment sessions, and therapist experience. The study suggests that high-density exposure can be transported from research settings to the mental health field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The frequence of reliable component difference scores for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition in two samples.

The cumulative percentage frequencies are presented for differences among reliable component analysis (RCA) scores for the verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, freedom from distractibility, and processing speed constructs assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - IIIrd Edition (WISC--III) for the standardization sample and a learning disabled sample. Using RCA scores to form differences has several advantages over traditional equally weighted scores for the WISC-III. J. C. Caruso and N. Cliff (2000) presented tables to assess the statistical significance of differences among the RCA scores for the WISC-III. It is important, however, to use a dual approach in interpreting difference scores; both the statistical significance of a difference and the frequency with which it occurred in a relevant comparison group should be determined. This article contains the information necessary for practitioners to use the recommended dual approach to interpreting RCA difference scores for the WISC-III. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of initial trauma exposure on the symptomatic response to a subsequent trauma.

The effect of initial trauma on the symptomatic response to a subsequent trauma was investigated in a cross-sectional study of urban bus drivers. Comparisons were made among 175 drivers (mean age 42.2 yrs) who had developed either high or low symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of the initial trauma, and a third group exposed to only a single trauma. The group with high levels Of PTSD symptoms after the initial trauma reported high PTSD symptoms for a subsequent trauma (75%) significantly more often than the other two groups who did not differ from each other (Low PTSD symptoms group 49%, No prior trauma group 41 %). These results suggest that unless trauma exposure leads to significant PTSD symptoms, it is not a risk factor for high PTSD symptoms after exposure to a subsequent traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The interactive effect of chronic exposure to noise and job complexity on changes in blood pressure and job satisfaction: A longitudinal study of industrial employees.

The hypothesis of this study was that noise exposure level and job complexity interact to affect changes in blood pressure (BP) levels and job satisfaction over 2–4 yrs of follow-up. Results showed that among workers exposed to high noise, those with complex jobs showed increases in BP that were more than double shown by those with simple jobs. Under low noise exposure, there was a small increase in BP for workers with complex jobs but about a 3-fold increase in workers with simple jobs. The prevalence of elevated BP showed a similar trend. Job satisfaction increased among workers with complex jobs but was much less in those exposed to high noise. It was concluded that exposure to occupational noise has a greater negative impact on changes in BP and job satisfaction over time among those performing complex jobs. In contrast, job complexity had a clear beneficial effect for workers exposed to low noise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Low Exposure X-ray Transmission Measurements for Contrast Media Detection with Filtered X-rays

A feasibility study of X-ray transmission measurements for contrast media with less exposure using filtered X-rays and their energy information is described. Based on measurements of the energy spectra of La-filtered X-rays, sensitivity to the contrast media and the relative quantity of dose exposure of filtered X-rays as the ratio to white X-rays are shown. The dose exposure for the measurement of iodine contrast media is reduced by more than 50% with a 400/xm thick La filter. By using a filter with atomic number close to that of iodine such as Cs and Ba, a greater reduction in dose exposure with a smaller increase in the current of the X-ray tube is expected.     

负压自动补给灌溉原理及可行性试验研究

本文提出了一种新型的负压节水灌溉技术，系统在水源高程低于灌水器高程(供水水头为负值)情况下，无需动力加压设备，自动补给实现灌溉作业。理论分析了负压灌溉的基本原理。试验研究了水源与灌水器间不同高程差(H)对灌水效果的影响，试验结果表明：累计入渗量、最大水平和垂直湿润距离随时间呈幂函数变化关系，随高程差呈指数变化关系，相关系数均非常高；湿润锋开始时运移较快，等时间线较稀疏，后来运移变慢，等时间线变密，湿润体近似为椭球体。理论上和试验均说明只要灌水器与水源的高差不超过一定范围，负压灌溉是可行的。     

One-session treatment of specific phobias in youths: A randomized clinical trial.

Sixty children, ages 7-17 years, who fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnosis for various specific phobias were randomized to (a) 1-session exposure treatment alone, (b) 1-session treatment with a parent present, or (c) wait-list control group for 4 weeks. After the waiting period, the wait-list patients were rerandomized to the active treatments. The patients' phobias were assessed with behavioral approach tests (approach behavior, experienced anxiety, and physiological reactions), whereas general anxiety, depression, phobic tendencies, and anxiety sensitivity were assessed with self-report inventories. Assessments were done pre-, post-, and 1-year following treatment. Results showed that both treatment conditions did significantly better than the control condition, whereas the treatment groups did equally well on most measures, and the effects were maintained at follow-up. The implications of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)