Effect of oxygen on flame heat flux in horizontal and vertical orientations

A systematic empirical and analytical study was conducted to directly quantify the effect of enhanced ambient oxygen concentration on flame heat flux at bench scale and its ability to represent large-scale flame heat flux of well-ventilated fires. The Advanced Flammability Measurements Apparatus was used to conduct bench scale horizontal and single wall vertical orientation experiments for black polymethylmethacrylate, propylene gas and black polyoxymethylene. The key aspect of this study was direct experimental measurements of flame heat flux back to the burning surface for 20.9–40% ambient oxygen concentrations over a range of applied heat flux. The total flame heat flux, as well as the radiative and convective components, was experimentally measured with various gages. To gain more insight into the effects of oxygen, the flame emissivity, flame height and flame temperature were measured and used to calculate the radiative and convective components of the flame heat flux. Gas burner experiments were conducted to decouple the solid and gas phase effects of the ambient oxygen. Large scale tests of black polymethylmethacrylate were conducted in a horizontal orientation and literature data was used for single wall vertical orientations for comparison to the bench scale, enhanced oxygen results. The main conclusion is that the flame heat flux in enhanced ambient oxygen bench scale does not simulate large-scale flame heat flux in horizontal orientations but simulates a more severe large-scale geometry (parallel wall) in vertical orientations and is useful for evaluation of materials’ vertical flame spread potential.     

有自由面渗流分析中密集排水孔幕的数值模拟

为准确模拟有自由面渗流场中密集排水孔幕的渗流行为,提出排水孔连续剖分新模式,避免了排水子结构算法中排水孔与整体网格不连续带来的计算困难,并在顶排型排水孔孔端设置虚拟的"渗流开关器",来实现对其作用的甄别。当排水孔失效,"开关器"关闭时只需把孔内结点作为内部点,避免了对失效排水孔按边界再处理的麻烦。排水孔的连续剖分和"开关器"的设置,既可以精细的模拟每个排水孔的作用、解决自由面穿越排水孔问题,又使大规模密集排水孔的模拟大为简化。算例验证了该方法的准确性和实用性。     

一类三维基于通量分裂的高精度MmB差分格式

采用谱体积(SV)方法划分计算域,研究了双曲型守恒律的高精度差分格式;引入牛顿数值差商,重构小区间交界面上的正、负数值通量,并给出了校正公式;对时间离散采取高阶Runge-Kutta TVD方法,构造了三维非线性双曲型守恒律方程的一个高精度、高分辨率的守恒型差分格式,证明了格式的MmB特性。数值模拟计算结果表明了MmB差分格式的有效性。     

Biofilm in the sediment phase of a sanitary gravity sewer

Microbial activity of the sediment phase in a 1.5-km-long concrete sewer section with a cement pipe in a 540-mm diameter was investigated in this paper. SEM examinations and elementary composition analyses of the sediment samples have identified the presence of a biofilm layer at the sediment surface. Bacterial counting results with a DNA-staining technique have revealed that the amount of bacteria in this layer was 2.1 x 10(11)cellg(-1) dry wt, which is close to that of activated sludge. ATP content in the sewer biofilm was found relatively high, demonstrating that the sewer biofilm is active. Throughout the entire 1.5-km sewer section, the biofilm activity was maintained at almost the same level. Lab-scale sediment oxygen uptake flux (SOUF) tests showed that the shear flow velocity above the sediment phase linearly increases the SOUF, which of the potential value was determined to be 32gO(2)m(-2) day(-1) at an estimated shear flow velocity of 0.055ms(-1) at 25 degrees C in the sewer line, provided that the mean flow velocity was 1.5ms(-1), and the mean water depth was 220mm. Such a high SOUF value further endorsed the existence of the active sewer biofilm.     

应用膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

介绍了膜生物反应器（ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｂｉｏｒｅａｃｔｏｒ）应用于处理生活污水的研究。实验结果表明，出水中几乎无悬浮物和浊度，对有机物和含氮化合物的去除效率很高。另研究了膜通量与工作压力、冲击负荷、曝气强度等运行条件之间的关系，并对膜生物反应器的能耗问题进行了较详细的研究。     

Membrane performance enhancer evaluations on pilot- and full-scale membrane bioreactors

Recently developed polymeric membrane performance enhancer product, MPE50, was tested in various pilot‐ and full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The Initial MPE50 dosage was determined by visual jar tests and by using various bench‐top filtration tests. Different amounts of MPE50 were dosed, and the particle size and supernatant clarity of the mixed liquor were monitored visually. Bench‐top filtration tests were also conducted. A 50% higher MPE50 dosage is recommended to be added to the pilot/full‐scale bioreactors because, based on experience, some of the soluble microbial products in the mixed liquor do not completely react with polymer during the relatively short bench‐test mixing time interval. With the addition of 400 mg/L MPE50 to a pilot MBR, the design flow was increased twofold without any significant transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase for 1 day. The control TMP surged within a few hours without MPE50. Long‐term field trials in a full‐scale plant also showed a substantial flux increase. In addition to flux enhancement, MPE50 helped to remove foam from the bioreactors and improved plant aesthetics, safety and general operating performance.     

用CFD方法研究空气通过缝隙的渗透

通过模拟计算，得到不同缝隙高度下渗透空气量与缝隙两侧压差的函数关系式，以及流量因数、缝隙局部阻力系数与缝隙几何特性量的函数关系式。实验验证了CFD模拟计算结果的可靠性。给出了负压病房和相邻洁净区域压差的推荐值。     

A preliminary modeling analysis of water quality in Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Calibration results

To gain understanding of nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, we developed and applied a deterministic, mass balance, water quality model at the whole-lake spatial scale. The model was calibrated to a comprehensive set of field data for 1985–1986, and then used to simulate the period 1973–1992. The model represented the mean behavior of in-lake total phosphorus, dissolved available phosphorus, total nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations reasonably well during the calibration period. The model did not represent dissolved available nitrogen concentrations very well, nor did it capture much of the observed temporal variability during the calibration period. The model results identified important information needs to improve our understanding of the nitrogen cycle including, sediment-water nitrogen fluxes, denitrification and nitrogen fixation. Results from the 1973–1992 simulation indicated that model assumptions and/or calibration parameters were not uniformly applicable over this period. Total phosphorus concentration results from this model were compared with results from two site-specific, empirical loading models for the lake. None of these models represented annual average concentrations uniformly well over the entire 20-year period, and none captured much of the observed inter-annual variability. External total phosphorus loadings and lake hydrology are not sufficient to fully describe total phosphorus dynamics in Lake Okeechobee. Other important factors are diffusive sediment-water fluxes, wind-induced sediment resuspension, and the spatial heterogeneity in the lake.     

三种一体式MBR的膜污染趋势比较

对活性污泥—膜生物反应器、生物膜—膜生物反应器、复合式膜生物反应器的除污效果和膜污染趋势进行了研究。结果表明:活性污泥—膜生物反应器的膜污染程度最轻,膜通量下降速度最慢,膜污染也最容易消除;生物膜—膜生物反应器的膜污染程度最重,膜通量的下降速度最快;较大的曝气量可减轻膜的污染程度并减缓膜通量的下降速度。     

Compartment tests of polyurethane foam seating assemblies

Data from compartment tests of polyurethane foam seating assemblies are reported. Results show that the behavior of such assemblies during fires is strongly dependent on the type and position of interliners and upholstery fabrics. An incidental comparison of peak rate of heat release obtained in a compartment test with a predictive model equation is made and selected data from the tests are presented.