Analysis of the water-soluble compounds as a tool for discriminating traditional and industrial high moisture mozzarella made with citric acid

High moisture mozzarella from cow milk is a pasta filata cheese that can be manufactured by different protocols. Fermentation by autochthonous starter is used for the traditional product, whereas direct acidification with citric acid is widely used at industrial level. Both types are stored immersed in a liquid for preserving freshness, but this packaging method is known to favour the changes of the quality characteristics. The present study aimed to assess the evolution of the soluble compounds and to evaluate their use as chemical indices for discriminating the two types of mozzarella. The contents of lactose, organic acids, water-soluble nitrogen and free amino acids differently changed over time. The whole patterns of these soluble compounds allowed discrimination of the two products during the whole storage period. The simple analyses of lactic acid and lactose could be a rapid tool to protect traditional mozzarella from industrial imitations obtained with citric acid.     

Effect of energy source in calf milk replacer on performance,digestibility, and gut permeability in rearing calves

Current calf milk replacer (CMR) compositions significantly differ from whole milk in their levels of energy, protein, and minerals. Energy source is one of the major differences, as CMR contains high levels of lactose, whereas whole milk contains higher levels of fat. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of partially exchanging lactose for fat on performance, digestibility, and gut permeability in calves fed twice daily on a high feeding plane. Lactose and fat were exchanged in the CMR formulation on a weight–weight basis. The CMR were isonitrogenous but not isoenergetic. A total of 60 male Holstein-Friesian calves were assigned to 1 of 30 blocks based on serum IgG, body weight, and date of collection after birth. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: high fat and high lactose. The CMR was provided twice daily until 49 d of age, followed by a gradual weaning period of 14 d. Starter, straw, and water were available ad libitum throughout the complete study. Exchanging lactose for fat did not affect growth; intakes of starter, straw, water, crude protein, or total energy; or apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients. Gastrointestinal permeability was assessed by measuring the recovery of lactulose and Cr in 24-h urine and the Cr concentration and lactulose:d-mannitol ratio in serum following an oral pulse dose. Urinary recoveries of Cr and lactulose were generally low in both treatments but were higher in calves fed the high-fat CMR. Accordingly, the serum lactulose:d-mannitol ratio and serum Cr concentrations were higher in calves fed the high-fat CMR. In wk 1 and during the weaning transition, calves fed the high-fat CMR had significantly fewer abnormal fecal scores. In conclusion, exchanging lactose for fat in the CMR did not affect growth performance, total feed intake, or nutrient digestibility. The high-fat CMR was associated with an increase in permeability markers but positively influenced fecal scores in calves.     

Characterization and selection of suitable grades of lactose as functional fillers for capsule filling: part 1

The purpose of this work is to characterize thermal, physical and mechanical properties of different grades of lactose and better understand the relationships between these properties and capsule filling performance. Eight grades of commercially available lactose were evaluated: Pharmatose 110?M, 125?M, 150?M, 200?M, 350?M (α-lactose monohydrate), AL (anhydrous lactose containing ～80% β-AL), DCL11 (spray dried α-lactose monohydrate containing ～15% amorphous lactose) and DCL15 (granulated α-lactose monohydrate containing ～12% β-AL). In this study, different lactose grades were characterized by thermal, solid state, physical and mechanical properties and later evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) to assess the inter-relationships among some of these properties. The lactose grades were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), moisture sorption/desorption isotherms, particle size distribution; the flow was characterized by Carr Index (CI), critical orifice diameter (COD) and angle of friction. Plug mechanical strength was estimated from its diametric crushing strength. The first and second principal components (PC) captured 47.6% and 27.4% of variation in the physical and mechanical property data, respectively. The PCA plot grouped together 110?M, AL, DCL11 and DCL15 on the one side of plot which possessed superior properties for capsule formulation and these grades were selected for future formulation development studies (part II of this work).     

利用响应面法优化乳酮糖制取工艺的研究

采用响应面分析法较系统地研究了碱性条件下乳糖异构化生产乳酮糖的工艺条件,得到了在一定条件变化范围内异构率随反应温度、时间、ｐＨ值的变化规律（回归方程）及相应的ＲＳＡ等高图,可用于对异构率的预测及生产中工艺条件的优化。     

Influence of food matrix on absorption of flavour compounds by linear low‐density polyethylene: proteins and carbohydrates

The effects of differences in food matrices on the absorption of four flavour compounds (limonene, decanal, linalool and ethyl 2‐methyl butyrate) into linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) were studied using a large volume injection GC ‘in vial’ extraction method. Food components investigated included β‐lactoglobulin (β‐lg), casein, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), lactose and saccharose. β‐lg interacted irreversibly with decanal (P < 0.01) and suppressed absorption of the latter by LLDPE by more than 50% after 14 days of exposure. Casein was capable of binding limonene and decanal (p < 0.05) by hydrophobic and covalent interactions, resulting in decreased absorption of 40% and 90%, respectively. The absorption rates of limonene, and to a leaser extent decanal, were decreased in presence of pectin and CMC. Increasing viscosity slowed down diffusion of flavour compounds from the matrix to LLDPE. An increase of absorption (p < 0.01) was observed for linalool and ethyl 2‐methyl butyrate, due to a ‘salting out’ effect caused by lactose and saccharose. The absorption of decanal was decreased (p < 0.01) after 14 days of exposure in the presence of lactose, saccharose and CMC. There might be an interactive effect between a sugar (residue) and decanal. Knowledge of the composition of a food matrix and packaging material is necessary to estimate the amount of flavour absorption. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Isomerization of lactose over natural sepiolite

Sepiolite (a hydrated magnesium silicate) was investigated as a catalyst for the isomerization of lactose. Factors such as temperature, concentration and time were studied. The main reaction product was lactulose; small amounts of epilactose, galactose, tagatose and 3-deoxypentulose were also formed. Product distribution indicated that the reaction routes were isomerization of the disaccharide followed by degradation of lactulose.     

Influence of calcium and phosphorus, lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio on Cheddar cheese quality: changes in residual sugars and water-soluble organic acids during ripening

Cheddar cheese ripening involves the conversion of lactose to glucose and galactose or galactose-6-phosphate by starter and nonstarter lactic acid bacteria. Under ideal conditions (i.e., where bacteria grow under no stress of pH, water activity, and salt), these sugars are mainly converted to lactic acid. However, during ripening of cheese, survival and growth of bacteria occurs under the stressed condition of low pH, low water activity, and high salt content. This forces bacteria to use alternate biochemical pathways resulting in production of other organic acids. The objective of this study was to determine if the level and type of organic acids produced during ripening was influenced by calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), residual lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio (S/M) of cheese. Eight cheeses with 2 levels of Ca and P (0.67 and 0.47% vs. 0.53 and 0.39%, respectively), lactose at pressing (2.4 vs. 0.78%), and S/M (6.4 vs. 4.8%) were manufactured. The cheeses were analyzed for organic acids (citric, orotic, pyruvic, lactic, formic, uric, acetic, propanoic, and butyric acids) and residual sugars (lactose, galactose) during 48 wk of ripening using an HPLC-based method. Different factors influenced changes in concentration of residual sugars and organic acids during ripening and are discussed in detail. Our results indicated that the largest decrease in lactose and the largest increase in lactic acid occurred between salting and d 1 of ripening. It was interesting to observe that although the lactose content in cheese was influenced by several factors (Ca and P, residual lactose, and S/M), the concentration of lactic acid was influenced only by S/M. More lactic acid was produced in low S/M treatments compared with high S/M treatments. Although surprising for Cheddar cheese, a substantial amount (0.2 to 0.4%) of galactose was observed throughout ripening in all treatments. Minor changes in the levels of citric, uric, butyric, and propanoic acids were observed during early ripening, whereas during later ripening, a substantial increase was observed. A gradual decrease in orotic acid and a gradual increase in pyruvic acid content of the cheeses were observed during 12 mo of ripening. In contrast, acetic acid did not show a particular trend, indicating its role as an intermediate in a biochemical pathway, rather than a final product.     

酶法水解乳糖与热处理偶联对牛乳Maillard反应的影响

旨在探讨乳糖水解程度及热处理方法与Maillard反应的关系,鲜牛乳用中性乳糖酶处理获得不同水解程度的低乳糖牛乳,然后对牛乳进行不同的热处理,处理后的样本进行Maillard反应程度评价。采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定不同水解时间的牛乳中葡萄糖质量浓度和乳糖水解率,用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法分别测定水解后牛乳经不同热处理后的糠氨酸和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF)含量及牛乳褐变程度的OD值。结果表明,随着乳糖水解时间的延长,牛乳中的葡萄糖含量呈增加的趋势,葡萄糖质量浓度从0.00 mg/100 m L增加到1 721.33 mg/100 m L,但增加趋势逐渐变缓;乳糖水解率从0%增加到70.33%,水解时间2.0 h后的牛乳水解率达到了50%以上。糠氨酸含量呈上升的趋势(P0.05),水解时间在3.0 h以上并经75℃、30 min热处理的牛乳,糠氨酸含量超过了190 mg/100 g pro;水解时间为0.5 h及以上并经75℃、15 s热处理的牛乳,糠氨酸含量超过了12 mg/100 g pro。生鲜牛乳和水解后经75℃、30 min热处理的牛乳,均未检测到5-HMF,水解后经75℃、15 s热处理的牛乳,随乳糖水解时间的延长,牛乳中5-HMF含量增加显著(P0.05)。牛乳的褐变程度随乳糖水解时间显著增加(P0.05),且乳糖酶水解后75℃、30 min热处理的牛乳的褐变程度明显高于75℃、15 s热处理的牛乳。本研究结果说明,乳糖经过酶水解后的牛乳,长时间热处理会加重乳Maillard反应,影响乳的蛋白质品质。     

Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 in calves fed calf starters containing lactose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactose inclusion in calf starters on plasma glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 concentrations and gastrointestinal tract development in calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 45) were raised on an intensified nursing program using milk replacer containing 28.0% CP and 15.0% fat, and were fed a texturized calf starter containing 0 (control), 5.0 (LAC5), or 10.0% (LAC10; n = 15 for each treatment) lactose on a DM basis. Lactose was included in the starter by partially replacing dry ground corn in pelleted portion of the starter. All calf starters were formulated with 23.1% CP. The ethanol-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of the control, LAC5, and LAC10 starters were 7.3, 12.3, and 16.8% on a DM basis, respectively. Starch concentrations of the control, LAC5, and LAC10 starters were 29.7, 27.0, and 21.4% on a DM basis, respectively. All calves were fed treatment calf starters ad libitum. Blood samples were obtained weekly from 1 to 11 wk of age, and used to measure plasma GLP-1, GLP-2, and insulin concentrations, serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, and blood glucose concentration. At 80 d of age, calves were euthanized, and weights of the reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine tissue were measured. Serum BHB concentration was higher for calves fed the LAC10 (171 μmol/L) starter than for those fed the control (151 μmol/L) and LAC5 (145 μmol/L) starters. Plasma GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations did not differ between treatments. However, relative to the baseline (1 wk of age), the plasma GLP-1 concentration was higher for the LAC10 (125.9%) than for the LAC5 (68.2%) and control (36.8%), and for the LAC5 than for the control (36.8%). Moreover, similar differences between treatments were observed for GLP-2 concentration relative to the baseline (88.2, 76.9, and 74.9% for LAC10, LAC5, and control treatments, respectively). The serum BHB concentration was positively correlated with the plasma GLP-1 concentration (r = 0.428). Furthermore, the plasma GLP-1 concentration was positively correlated with the insulin concentration (r = 0.793). The weights of the reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine were not affected by the treatments. In conclusion, inclusion of lactose in calf starters resulted in higher plasma GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations, and BHB might be associated with higher plasma GLP-1 concentration.     

Prior lactose glycation of caseinate via the Maillard reaction affects in vitro activities of the pepsin-trypsin digest toward intestinal epithelial cells

The well-known Maillard reaction in milk occurs between lactose and milk proteins during thermal treatment, and its effects on milk nutrition and safety have been well studied. A lactose-glycated caseinate was prepared via this reaction and digested using 2 digestive proteases, pepsin and trypsin. The glycated caseinate digest was assessed for its in vitro activities on rat intestinal epithelial cells in terms of growth proliferation, anti-apoptotic effect, and differentiation induction using caseinate digest as reference, to verify potential effects of the Maillard reaction on these activities of caseinate digest to the cells. Two digests had proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects, and reached the highest effects at 0.02 g/L of digest concentration with treatment time of 24 h. In comparison with caseinate digest, glycated caseinate digest always showed weaker proliferative (5.3–14.2%) and anti-apoptotic (5.9–39.0%) effects, and was more toxic to the cells at 0.5 g/L of digest concentration with treatment time of 48 h. However, glycated caseinate digest at 2 incubation times of 4 to 7 d showed differentiation induction higher than caseinate digest, as it could confer the cells with increased activities in lactase (16.3–26.6%), sucrase (22.4–31.2%), and alkaline phosphatase (17.4–24.8%). Transmission electron microscopy observation results also confirmed higher differentiation induction of glycated caseinate digest. Amino acid loss and lactose glycation partially contributed to these decreased and enhanced activities of glycated caseinate digest, respectively. The Maillard reaction of caseinate and lactose is thus shown in this study to have effects on the activities of caseinate digest to intestinal epithelial cells.