A COUPLING MODEL OF WATER FLOWS AND GAS FLOWS IN EXHAUSTED GAS BUBBLE ON MISSILE LAUNCHED UNDERWATER

The gas and water flows during an underwater missile launch are numerically studied. For the gas flow, the explicit difference scheme of Non-oscillation and Non-free-parameter Dissipation (NND) is utilized to solve the Euler equations for compressible fluids in the body-fitted coordinates. For the water flow, the Hess-Smith method is employed to solve the Laplace equation for the velocity potential of irrotational water flows based on the potential theory and the boundary element method. The hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation for the free boundary conditions is used to compute the changes of the free surface of the exhausted gas bubble in time stepping. On the free surface of the exhausted gas bubble, the matched conditions of both the normal velocities and pressures are satisfied. From the numerical simulation, it is found that the exhausted gas bubble grows more rapidly in the axial direction than in the radial direction and the bubble will shrink at its "neck" finally. Numerical results of the movement of the shock wave and the distribution of the Mach number and the gas pressure within the bubble were presented, which reveals that at some time, the gas flow in the Laval nozzle is subsonic and the gas pressure in the nozzle is very high. Influences of various initial missile velocities and chamber total pressures and water depths on both the time interval when the gas flow in the nozzle is subsonic and the peak of the gas pressure at the nozzle end were discussed. It was suggested that a reasonable adjustment of the chamber total pressure can improve the performance of the engine during the underwater launch of missiles.     

浅谈气泡混合轻质土的特点及应用

结合高速公路的发展,分析了气泡混合轻质土的设计机理,详细地介绍了气泡混合轻质土的工程特性,阐述了气泡混合轻质土在公路建设中的应用,最后对气泡混合轻质土的应用前景进行了展望。     

正确把握电信发展规律

二十世纪末，全球网络经济过热和电信业陷入之际，正是中国电信业深化体制改革、破除垄断、全面引入竞争之时。面对复杂的国际国内形势，中国电信业在一系列关系发展全局的重大问题上，坚持理性与务实，保持了行业积极稳健的发展。我国电信业目前正处于新的发展时期，面对新的机遇和挑战，在总结国内外实践的基础上，要进一步加深对电信发展基本问题的认识，要正确处理好一系列带有全球性、战略性、方向性的重大关系问题。     

水平井筒变质量分散泡状流压降的理论与实验研究

由于水平井筒和常规水平管道中气液两相流动的相似和差别，可以预知常规水平管流的压降计算方法对于井筒流动来说就需要进行修正或扩展。本文对气、液两相分别应用质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程，考虑管壁存在人流或出流对于分层流流型压降的影响，得到水平井筒气液两相变质量流动分散泡状流流型的压降计算方法。同时，设计并建立了水平井筒流体流动模拟实验装置，在轴向为气液两相流动的前提下分别进行了上管壁单孔眼注入和下管壁单孔眼注入的压降实验研究，获得了大量的实验数据。实验数据和理论计算结果吻合很好，这表明该计算方法具有实际应用价值。     

Prediction of foam growth and its nucleation in free and limited expansion

The influence volume approach (IVA) is often utilized for modeling the mass transfer process dictating bubble growth dynamics in physical foaming. However, the assumed concentration profile in the IVA method is only valid when the changes in dissolved gas concentration are small (less than 5%). In addition, the validity of the IVA method is difficult to justify in chemical foaming applications because of the difficulties involved in defining the dissolved gas concentration profile.In the present work, we define two distinct stages of bubble growth for physical foaming. These two stages are termed as free and limited expansion and are controlled by the bubble nucleation rate. Bubble nucleation is assumed to occur only in the free expansion stage. In this stage, the bubble pressure drops substantially from an initially high pressure in the supersaturated state while the dissolved gas concentration changes very little. The second stage of our two-stage mass transfer model is termed the limited expansion stage and accounts for bubble growth in the late stages of foam evolution, when the pressure changes become small. However, in the limited stage of bubble growth the dissolved gas concentration drops significantly, as the available dissolved gas is depleted. To summarize our two-stage mass transfer model of foam expansion, the pressure difference between the bubble phase and the liquid phase is the primary mechanism for driving mass transfer in the early (free) stages of foam growth and the concentration difference is the driver for bubble growth in the late (limited) stages of growth. The first stage can be regarded as the nucleation stage and it is relatively short; while the second stage can be regarded as the bubble growth stage and is much longer. Most of the bubble volume expansion takes place in the second stage.The concentration gradient at the bubble edge, which is often ignored in other models, is analyzed in detail in this paper. The details of our novel mass transfer model are also presented.     

气泡－水相界面上传质过程的自相似分析解

应用自相似方法求解气泡－水相界上的传质问题，并获得了计算相界面上传质量的表达式。     

Interaction between bubbles and fibre optic probes in a bubble column

Spherical bulb fibre optic probes, developed and applied for bubble characterization in a bubble column and a slurry bubble column at high temperature, were investigated. The principle of operation of these new optical fibre probes is based on the difference in refractive indices between the gas and the liquid phases. The interaction between the gas bubbles and the fibre optic probes in a bubble column was studied using photographic techniques. The first objective of these experiments was to study the response of the sensors upon contact with gas bubbles of various sizes. The second objective of this study was to establish, under controlled situations, the optical probe bubble detection performance and ability for local quantitative measurements of the bubble rise velocity and the gas hold-up.     

Kinetics of oxygen absorption in aqueous sodium dithionite solutions

The absorption and reaction of oxygen in aqueous alkaline solutions of sodium dithionite has been experimentally investigated in a novel gas-liquid contactor. The novel gas-lift bubble column contactor was used to study the kinetics over wide ranges of reactant concentrations, temperature, and pH. The oxygen-sodium dithionite reaction was found to be first-order with respect to dithionite in the range of dithionite concentration < 0.1 M, and second-order in the range of dithionite concentration > 0.1 M. The reaction with respect to oxygen was found to be zero-order for all dithionite concentrations. These results and experimental investigations of the effect of solution alkalinity and temperature on the reaction rate are consistent with previous findings obtained in different gas-liquid contactors. The results thus confirm the feasibility of using the gas-lift bubble column for the kinetics of gas-liquid reactions.     

Review on the effect of heat exchanger tubes on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer of the bubble/slurry reactors

Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR) are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical, biochemical and petrochemical industries. Most of these applications involve complicate gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flow behavior and exothermic process, thus it is necessary to equip the BCR/SBCR with heat exchanger tubes to remove the heat and govern the performance of the reactor. Amounts of experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to describe the phenomena taking place in BCR/SBCRs with heat exchanger tubes. Unfortunately, little effort has been put on reviewing the experiments and simulations for examining the effect of internals on the performance and hydrodynamics of BCR/SBCR. The objective of this work is to give a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of heat exchanger tubes with different types and configurations on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer, then provide adequate information and scientific basis for the design and the development of heat exchanger tubes in BCR/SBCR, ultimately provide reasonable suggestions for better comprehend the performance of different heat exchanger tubes on hydrodynamics.     

室温下ZnO超疏水表面的制备及油水分离性能

利用简便的液相法,在室温下于不锈钢网上沉积ZnO纳米片和纳米花粗糙结构,接着通过浸渍法修饰低表面能物质硬脂酸,制备了超疏水不锈钢网。对沉积后的不锈钢网表面形貌、晶体结构、润湿性能、耐磨性能、油水分离性能等进行表征与测定。结果表明,该不锈钢网表面由纳米片和纳米花组成的微纳米结构ZnO构成,具有超疏水性,水接触角161 °;油水分离效率达98%,循环使用20次后分离效率仍保持在95.5%以上;具有良好的机械耐磨性,在高盐环境中表现出化学稳定性。