油茶籽粕反刍动物饲料化利用价值初探

在分析油茶籽粕常规营养成分基础上,本试验采用体外产气和尼龙袋技术对油茶籽粕瘤胃发酵和降解特性进行了评定。结果显示:(1)油茶籽粕的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素分别为13.1%、8.6%、66.2%、44.5%和25.4%(绝干物质基础);油茶籽粕的代谢能为4.30 MJ/kg DM;(2)油茶籽粕在体外发酵前期(2~12 h)的累积产气量显著高于羊草(P0.05),但36 h起油茶籽粕的累积产气量显著低于羊草(P0.05)。这与尼龙袋法测定的干物质降解率的变化趋势一致,油茶籽粕的干物质降解率在24~72 h显著低于羊草(P0.05),但在前期(3~12 h)二者的干物质降解率没有显著性差异(P0.05);(3)油茶籽粕25%替代羊草时不影响潜在产气量(P0.05),随替代比例的进一步增加(≥50%)慢速产气量显著降低(P0.05),但产气速度显著增加(P0.05),油茶籽粕25%替代羊草时不影响丙酸浓度(P0.05)。结果表明油茶籽粕含有较高的粗蛋白和粗脂肪,油茶籽粕替代羊草可提升全混合饲粮的发酵速度,提高丙酸所占挥发性脂肪酸比例;较高含量的木质素降低了其营养价值。     

油茶籽粕蛋白功能特性及其酶解产物抗氧化活性研究

采用碱溶酸沉法提取油茶籽粕中的蛋白质,运用正交试验优化提取的最佳条件,并分析油茶籽粕蛋白功能特性及其木瓜蛋白酶水解物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,在pH 10、料液比1∶30(m/V)、提取时间3h、提取温度50℃的最佳条件下,油茶籽粕蛋白的得率为4.99%。油茶籽粕蛋白等电点在pH 5左右。乳化能力、乳化稳定性和起泡能力随p H增加呈先降后升的趋势,与蛋白溶解度密切相关。木瓜蛋白酶能有效提高油茶籽粕蛋白溶解性,其蛋白水解物对DPPH·自由基和羟基自由基均具有很好的清除能力(清除率85%),对铜离子的螯合能力大于对铁离子的螯合能力。     

12株油茶种仁含油率及脂肪酸组成分析

测定名邛台地(四川省境内的名山、邛崃、蒲江一带)的12株野生油茶的产量和种仁含油率,采用气相色谱法(GC)对油茶籽油脂肪酸组成进行分析,并对主要脂肪酸组成间进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同油茶的产量和种仁含油率存在差异,单株产量为12.95~54.00 kg,种仁含油率为37.04%~45.56%;油茶籽油脂肪酸组成以油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主;各脂肪酸含量之间存在密切的相关性,油酸与亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸呈极显著负相关,关系最密切的是油酸和亚油酸,其相关系数达到-0.829;根据产量、种仁含油率和脂肪酸组成筛选出的川雅31、川雅21、川雅28、川雅20可作为进一步培育优良品种的材料。     

不同贮藏条件下油茶籽品质及生理活性

为了延长油茶籽的加工期限,将含水量为6%、13%的油茶籽分别贮藏在25℃、室温、4℃,相对湿度(RH)50%～65%条件下,观察贮藏期间品质及生理生化变化。结果表明：所有实验贮藏方法,油茶籽贮藏90d后均出现一定程度的劣变现象,贮藏品质下降。对不同处理贮藏效果的综合评价,最好的贮藏条件为温度4℃、油茶籽含水量6%,能明显抑制呼吸强度和脂肪酶活性,保持较高蛋白质、脂肪、糖等内含物质的含量,阻止油茶籽品质的劣变;其次为温度4℃、含水量13%,最差的为温度25℃、含水量13%。低温和低水分含量可有效提高油茶籽的贮藏品质。     

油茶壳活性炭活化工艺条件对产品性能的影响

以油茶壳为原料,对未酸洗、酸洗和酸洗+碳酸钾处理后制得的活性炭的性能进行比较。讨论了炭化温度和保温时间对活性炭产品得率、亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值的影响。研究结果表明,随着炭化温度的升高,未酸洗和酸洗+碳酸钾产品的吸附性能呈不断下降的趋势;酸洗产品的吸附性能随着炭化温度的升高呈不断上升的趋势;800 ℃ 时,未酸洗和酸洗+碳酸钾产品的吸附性能比酸洗的高;随着保温时间的延长,3种产品的吸附性能均呈不断上升的趋势。     

石油醚-甲醇提取茶油和茶皂素工艺研究

采用石油醚-甲醇为两相混合溶剂同时提取油茶籽枯饼中的茶油和茶皂素并探讨混合溶剂萃取茶油机理。分析甲醇浓度、混合溶剂用量,烃醇质量比,萃取温度、萃取时间对萃取效果的影响,确定最佳工艺参数为:甲醇浓度90 %,固液质量比1:3,烃醇质量比1:1,萃取温度50 ℃,萃取时间90 min,萃取2次,粗茶油得率为8.42 %,茶皂素得率为7.01 %。实验提取的粗茶油颜色呈黄色稍带褐色,凝固点-2 ℃,酸值6.489 mg(KOH)/g,皂化值199.821 mg(KOH)/g,碘值78.616 g/(100g),粗茶油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达85.006 %,粗茶油质量好。混合溶剂萃取茶油机理表明:茶油在石油醚-95 %甲醇体系两相中分配系数为527.03,石油醚-甲醇溶液提取茶油籽枯饼中茶油和茶皂素是可行的。      

Edible oils for liver protection: hepatoprotective potentiality of Moringa oleifera seed oil against chemical-induced hepatitis in rats

In the present study, in vitro antioxidant, antioxidative stress and hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed oil (Ben oil; BO) was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4) ) induced lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage in rats. The oil at 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat was administered orally for 21 consecutive days. The substantially elevated serum enzymatic (GOT, GPT, ALP, GGT) and bilirubin levels were significantly restored towards normalization by the oil. There was a significant elevation in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH), and total protein (TP) contents in the liver tissue. The results obtained indicated that BO possesses potent hepatoprotective action against CCl(4) -induced hepatic damage by lowering liver marker enzymes, MDA concentration, and elevating NP-SH and TP levels in liver tissue. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver. The results of this study showed that treatment with Ben oil or silymarin (as a reference) appears to enhance the recovery from hepatic damage induced by CCl(4) . The pentobarbital induced narcolepsy prolongation in mice was retarded by the Ben oil. Acute toxicity test in mice showed no morbidity or mortality. In vitro DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene-linolic acid assay tests of the BO exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity in both tests used. The possible mechanism(s) of the liver protective activity of Ben oil activity may be due to free radical scavenging potential caused by the presence of antioxidant component(s) in the oil. Consequently, BO can be used as a therapeutic regime in treatment of some hepatic disorders.     

亚临界萃取茶籽油的工艺研究

本文以油茶籽为原料,采用新型的亚临界流体技术和分子蒸馏技术相结合的工艺,对制备高品质茶油最佳工艺条件进行研究。以出油率、色泽、苯并芘含量等为考察指标,得出亚临界流体技术的最佳萃取条件为：原料堆密度0.7 kg/L,萃取时间50 min,萃取压力0.5 MPa,温度45℃,萃取率可高达99.12%,与传统压榨工艺相比,提高约15%;分子蒸馏最佳精制条件为：温度160℃,真空度为1.0~2.0 Pa,精制油酸价降为0.22 mg/g,比传统工艺下降70.87%,苯并（α）芘含量则未检出。本研究所得工艺具有快速、环保、成本低和工艺简单的特点,制备的茶油品质达到国家一级油标准。     

Preparative Isolation of Bioactive Nitrile Glycoside “Niazirin” from the Fruits of Moringa oleifera Using Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

Fast centrifugal partition chromatography was successfully applied in the separation of bioactive constituent niazirin directly from the chloroform extract of Moringa oleifera. The experiment was performed with a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/BuOH/water (6:0.5:4 v/v/v) in which the upper organic layer was used as stationary phase and lower aqueous phase was used as mobile phase. From 1 g of crude extract, 70 mg of niazirin was obtained in 94.8% purity as determined by HPLC. The total yield recovery was >94%. The isolated nitrile glycoside (niazirin) was characterized on the basis of its ¹H, ¹³C-NMR and ESI-MS data.