Utilization of Coal as a Source of Chemicals

Abstract

Coal consists carbon-based substances can be used as a source of specialty aromatic chemicals and aliphatic chemicals. Four widespread processes allow for making chemicals from coals: gasification, liquefaction, direct conversion, and co-production of chemicals and fuels along with electricity. Coal is gasified to produce synthesis gas (syngas) with a gasifier which is then converted to parafinic liquid fuels and chemicals by Fischer-Trops synthesis. Liquid product from coal gasification mainly contains benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), phenols, alkylphenols, and cresol. Methanol is made using coal or syngas with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a 2 to 1 ratio. Coal-derived methanol has many preferable properties as it is free of sulfur and other impurities. Syngas from coal can be reformed to hydrogen. Ammonium sulfate from coal tar by pyrolysis can be converted to ammonia. The humus substances can be recovered from brown coal by alkali extraction.     

Lime mud from paper-making process addition to food waste synergistically enhances hydrogen fermentation performance

The effect of lime mud from paper-making process (LMP) addition on the H₂ fermentation of food waste (FW) was investigated. It was found that a slight addition of LMP (1.0–4.0 g in 200 g FW) significantly enhanced the H₂ fermentation performance, not only increasing the total amount of H₂ produced but also accelerating the whole reaction, shortening the lag period, and increasing the H₂ production rate. Fermentation stability and microbial germination were also facilitated by LMP addition. This was attributed to the existence of Ca, Fe, Mn and alkaline substances such as CaCO₃ and NaOH. The batch process treating a mixture of FW and LMP was showed that the highest hydrogen production of 137.6 mL H₂/g VS was achieved at final pH 5.0, adding 3 g LMP (in 200 g FW) to the fermentation process, which lag-phase time was about 2.5 h.     

绿色化学与化工的原理及应用:III.生物技术在化学品生产中的应用

通过实例说明了国内外生物化工技术在化学品及新型功能材料等领域的应用 ,阐明了生物化工技术对促进化学工业技术进步和产业结构调整及对促进绿色化学工业发展的作用     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测原水中微量内分泌干扰物

提出了检测饮用水中几种微量存在的内分泌干扰物的仪器分析方法.检测对象包括邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP),双酚A(BPA),壬基酚(NP),阿特拉津(Atrazine)等,采用固相萃取技术对水样进行预处理,利用高效液相色谱进行分析,DMP,DBP,BPA,NP和Atrazine的超纯水加标回收率、原水加标回收率均可达到70%以上;对上海市饮用水水源黄浦江进行了初步的水质调查,分别检测出较高含量的二丁酯、双酚A、壬基酚和阿特拉津.     

Isolation,identification, and bioassay of chemicals affecting nonpreference carrot-root resistance to carrot-fly larva

Roots of the carrot cultivars Vertou L.D. (resistant) and Long Chantenay (susceptible) were subjected to detailed chemical analysis to identify extracts and compounds influencing larval host-finding (preference/non-preference) behavior and to compare concentrations of these compounds in resistant and susceptible cultivars. Vertou yielded threefold less volatile material in headspace extracts of pureed roots. Extracts of chopped root in methanol, steam, hexane, and chloroform were inactive in behavioral assays. However, ether extracts were active and their hydrocarbon and carbonyl-rich fractions contained potent attractants. The principal constituent of the carbonyl-rich fraction of each cultivar was the carotatoxin complex comprising the neurotoxin falcarinol (carotatoxin), falcarindiol, and falcarindiol monoacetate, the latter compound here reported for the first time from carrot. Falcarinol (50 and 100 g) was active in a behavioral assay, and all three ingredients of the complex were potent electrophysiological stimuli, eliciting maximum single unit responses to source concentrations of 10 ng. Furthermore, the complex was more abundant by about 1000 g/root in Long Chantenay. As this comprised extra amounts of 70, 862, and 110 g of falcarinol, falcarindiol, and falcarindiol monoacetate, respectively, the observed differences seem both behaviorally and physiologically relevant. It is generally accepted that coevolution has transformed the role of many toxins into host-location cues, but this seems a relatively rare example of a neurotoxin (falcarinol) evincing, in decreased concentrations, nonpreference host resistance. This evolved response to a toxin present in large concentrations is contrasted with that totrans-2-nonenal, which paralyses and kills the larva and is present in only trace amounts in the root.     

Techno-economic evaluation of membrane filtration for the recovery and re-use of tanning chemicals

The majority of pollution generated from leather manufacturing can be contributed to the inefficiency of chemical use in leather processing and to organic substances derived from the hides during processing. In particular, the overall tanning processes performed in drums can be characterized by a high consumption of water and chemicals, most of which are found in the final wastewater. To ensure full penetration and reaction of chemicals with collagen, chemicals are added in excess and are only partly up-taken by the leather. Significant savings of chemicals can be achieved by recovery and recycling of chemicals and water from part streams, thus reducing environmental impacts.This research formed an integrated approach to investigate and exploit the potential of a closed loop operation for various part streams of tanneries. Each of the process streams was separately collected, treated and purified by membrane technologies to obtain a recyclable liquor which can be re-used operationally. In this way a complete recovery of process liquors can be achieved for immediate operational re-use.Membrane technology has been applied to recover chemicals from un-hairing, vegetable tanning, chrome liquors and to polish saline part streams for re-use. By applying membrane filtration up to 90% of the treated liquors can be recovered giving a remaining concentrate volume of only 10%. The permeate obtained from several process areas contained to a high extent chemicals, which were re-used for leather processing.     

大力发展含硼材料和硼精细化工

论述了以含硼基本产品为原料发展我国的含硼新材料及硼精细化工产品的思路并提出了具体的品种。     

Study on reuse of metal oxide-promoted sulphated zirconia in acylation reactions

A series of sulphated zirconia samples (SZ) promoted with Al₂O₃, Ga₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ were synthesized by co-precipitation at constant pH and aged under reflux conditions. Structural, surface and catalytic properties of the samples were investigated using N₂ adsorption/desorption, thermal analysis, in-situ FTIR spectroscopy, TPR–MS and EGA–MS measurements. The catalytic performance of promoted SZ in anisole acylation has been investigated. Promotion by either Fe₂O₃ or Ga₂O₃ was found to increase the catalytic activity (yield) after recycle of catalysts with respect un-promoted sample, whereas promotion by Al₂O₃ was observed to increase the conversion but not the yield. It is worth noting that all systems present high selectivity to the p-metoxyacetophenone product.     

花椒精油挥发性物质分析及其对红白血病HEL细胞分化和凋亡的影响

目的 研究余庆花椒精油(Yuqing Zanthoxylum bungeanum Essential Oil,YZBO)的挥发性化学物质及其对红白血病HEL细胞分化和凋亡的影响。方法 采用HS-SPME-GC-MS检测分析YZBO的挥发性风味,并以不同质量浓度(1 μg/mL、5 μg/mL和10 μg/mL)YZBO处理HEL细胞24h后,采用MTT和台酚蓝计数分析细胞存活,流式细胞仪检测HEL细胞CD71、CD235a、CD41的分化以及ROS情况,流式细胞仪和Hoechst33258染色法检测HEL细胞凋亡情况。结果 YZBO含有99种化学成分,包括28种醇类物质、7种酯类物质、1种醛类物质、6种酸类物质、4种酮类物质、37种烯烃类、7种烷烃类物质、2种炔烃类物质、2种酚类物质和5种其他物质。橙花叔醇、榄香醇和τ-杜松醇是主要的醇类物质,乙酸苯乙酯和异乔木萜醇乙酸酯是其的主要酯类物质。YZBO对HEL细胞的IC50值为2.94386 μg/mL,促进CD71(45.6%)和CD235a(38.8%)的分化,而对CD41的分化不明显,诱导HEL细胞程序性凋亡,凋亡数目呈剂量和时间依赖性,镜下和染色观察发现细胞体积变小,核固缩以及呈高亮蓝色等典型细胞凋亡形态学改变。结论 YZBO的化合物主要是烷类、醇类和烯类化合物,具有抗红白血病HEL细胞的生物活性,促进分化未成熟的HEL细胞向成熟细胞方向分化,抑制向巨核细胞方向分化,并诱导其凋亡。