A short review on natural gas hydrate,kinetic hydrate inhibitors and inhibitor synergists

Gas hydrate-caused pipeline plugging is an industrial nuisance for petroleum flow assurance that calls for technological innovations. Traditional thermodynamic inhibitors such as glycols and inorganic salts suffer from high dosing, environmental unfriendliness, corrosiveness, and economical burden. The development and use of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs), mostly polymeric compounds, with their inhibiting effects on hydrate nucleation and growth are considered an effective and economically viable chemical treatment for hydrate prevention. However, the actual performance of a KHI candidate is dependent on various factors including its chemical structure, molecular weight, spatial configuration, effective concentration, pressure and temperature, evaluation methods, use of other additives, etc. This review provides a short but systematic overview of the fundamentals of natural gas hydrates, the prevailing categories of polymeric kinetic hydrate inhibitors with proposed inhibition mechanisms, and the various synergists studied for boosting the KHI performance. Further research endeavors are in need to unveil the KHI working modes under different conditions. The conjunctive use of KHIs and synergists may facilitate the commercial application of effective KHIs to tackle the hydrate plugging problem in the oil and gas flow assurance practices.     

用于分散有机颜料和炭黑的润湿分散剂的选择

总结了用于分散有机颜料和炭黑的润湿分散剂的选择方法,介绍了润湿分散剂的类别,重点介绍了可应用于分散上述颜料的新型润湿分散剂,即以可控聚合方法(CPT)所合成的高分子聚合物润湿分散剂。同时介绍了专用于有机颜料和炭黑的一种特殊形态的分散助剂即颜料分散增效剂。最后阐述了涂料配方开发实验室常用的各种评价方法,包括对颜料浆的评价和对最终涂料及涂膜性能的评价方法。     

复合蒸汽吞吐提高稠油采收率试验

为提高新疆油田稠油热采开发效果,寻求更全面、更有效的油井增产措施,针对克拉玛依油田九₇₊₈区上侏罗统齐古组稠油油藏地质特征,开展了用复合蒸汽吞吐技术改善稠油热采开发效果的试验。采用物理模型和数模相结合的方法,进行了复合蒸汽吞吐技术机理研究,对不同原油粘度下复合蒸汽吞吐增效剂进行了筛选,对复合蒸汽吞吐岩心驱油实验结果进行了评价,并对复合蒸汽吞吐注入方式及注入参数进行了优化,为提高蒸汽驱油效率和油藏采收率提供了新的技术。     

远安低品位胶磷矿浮选试验研究

确定了远安低品位胶磷矿的正-反浮选流程,通过正-反浮选,可获得原矿P2O517.96%,MgO 2.31%,精矿P2O531.21%,MgO 0.84%的良好指标,实现了胶磷矿与石英、白云石等杂质矿物的有效分离。采用十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）作增效剂可以较大程度提高捕收剂的捕收性能和选择性,提高P2O5品位和回收率。     

Isolation and identification of the causative factors responsible for color fixation in rice bran oil

To understand the chemical nature of the dark coloring constituents responsible for color fixation in rice bran oil, crude and dewaxed rice bran oils of 6.8% free fatty acids were fractionated on a silica gel column to get a dark-colored material (0.57% of the oil). Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the material showed a spot corresponding to monoglycerides, but there were no spots corresponding to other glycerides. It contained traces of phosphorus (<0.1 ppm, which is equivalent to 2.5 ppm phospholipids) and iron (1.3 ppm) that could not be attributed to phospholipids or to any iron-complex. Upon saponification it yielded 12% nonsaponifiable matter. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the saponifiable matter (after acidification and methylation of fatty acids) showed the presence of palamitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Further, on the basis of comparison with spectroscopic data of synthetic monoglyceride, the constituent was characterized to be a mixture of monoglycerides with side chains of oxidized unsaturated fatty acids.     

荧光增白剂在昆虫病毒领域的新用途

近年来发现荧光增白剂在生物防治研究中能提高昆虫病毒防紫外线的能力和昆虫病毒杀虫能力,并能加快病毒致死昆虫的速度。详细介绍作为昆虫病毒的紫外线保护剂和昆虫病毒杀虫剂的增效剂的荧光增白剂种类和性质。并对国内外该课题的研究现状进行了简要概括,提出了我国荧光增白剂的研究和生产单位在这项边缘学科的研究工作中应承担的课题。     

阻燃协效剂对PVC/PNBR共混型热塑性弹性体性能的影响

以PVC和粉末丁腈橡胶（PNBR）为主体材料，氢氧化镁为阻燃剂，制备PVC／PNBR共混型热塑性弹性体，研究阻燃协效剂三氧化二锑、硼酸锌、七钼酸铵、氧化锌和二氧化锰对弹性体性能的影响。结果表明，当PVC、PNBR、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和氢氧化镁的用量分别为77，23，50和31份时，PVC／PNBR共混型热塑性弹性体性能良好；氢氧化镁的用量对弹性体氧指数基本无影响；在弹性体中分别单独使用4．6，6．2，1．5和6．2份三氧化二锑、硼酸锌、七钼酸铵和氧化锌时，弹性体的氧指数明显提高，综合物理性能较好，但二氧化锰协同效果不好。     

氧化锌对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯的影响

研究了协效剂氧化锌（ZnO）对聚磷酸铵（APP）、季戊四醇（PER）、氰尿酸三聚氰胺（MCA）膨胀阻燃聚丙烯（PP）体系的阻燃协效作用。采用氧指数（LOI）、热失重法（TG）、锥形量热仪（Cone）、红外光谱（FTIR）等手段分析了ZnO对膨胀阻燃PP的影响。结果表明，氧化锌可提高该体系的LOI和阻燃性能，还可促进阻燃体系形成炭层，且可提高其炭层的强度，该体系氧化锌最佳用量应为1．0份。     

防治苹果黄蚜有效药剂的研究

通过室内触杀毒力测定和田间药试验表明,在（１１－３２）℃范围内,灭多威对苹果黄蚜的毒力受温度影响较小（相差１．８倍）,吡虫啉对苹果黄蚜的毒力相差４６．８倍,低温时防治效果较差。灭多威新制剂蚜必杀乳油对苹果黄蚜击倒速度快,持效期长,防治效果十分突出。     

无卤阻燃聚烯烃电缆料的发展概况

综术了无卤阻燃电缆材料的国内外发展状况和无卤阻燃机理以及无机阻燃剂、阻燃增效剂的研究进展情况同时对无卤阻燃技术的提出了建议。