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Spectral slope (S), describing the exponential decrease of the absorption spectrum over a given wavelength range, is an important parameter in the study of of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dynamics, and also an essential input parameter in remote sensing models. Furthermore, S is often used as a proxy for CDOM composition, including the ratio of fulvic to humic acids and molecular weight. The relative broad range in S values reported in the literature can be explained by the different spectral ranges and fitting methods used. A single exponential model is used to fit the S values for 17 investigations involving 458 samples in Lake Taihu from January to October in 2004. The average S value was 15.18 ± 1.39 μm−1 for the range of 280–500 nm, which fell within the range reported in the literature. The frequency distribution of S value basically obeyed a normal distribution. Significant differences in S values between summer and other seasons showed that phytoplankton degradation was one of the important sources of CDOM in summer, whereas CDOM mainly came from the river input in other seasons. Furthermore, the estimated S value decreased with increasing wavelength range used in regression. The maximum and minimum values derived from the regression were 17.89 ± 1.25 μm−1 and 13.62 ± 2.11 μm−1 for the wavelength ranges of 280–380 nm and 400–500 nm, respectively, a decrease of 23.9%. S values significantly decreased with the increase of CDOM absorption coefficients. CDOM absorption coefficients could be more appropriately estimated from exponential model introducing the variation of S with absorption coefficients, making them useful for a remote sensing bio-optical model of Lake Taihu. DOC-specific absorption coefficient a*(λ) and the parameter M describing molecular size of the humic molecules could also be used as a proxy for the sources and types of CDOM. A general relationship was found between S and a*(λ), and M values. S increased with the decrease of DOC-specific absorption coefficient and the increase of M corresponding to the decrease of molecular weight. 相似文献
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In the design process of the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reactor using TiO2-coated foam nickels, the optimum of catalyst film thickness, light intensity and flow velocity were considered. A model was developed to study the effect of catalyst film thickness on photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde by a TiO2-coated foam nickel at continuous flow mode. In this model, external mass transfer and internal molecule diffusion-reaction were considered. A first-order kinetics equation was used to account for the photocatalytic reaction. Two exponential equations were employed to describe the distribution of light intensities in foam nickels and catalyst films, respectively. Validated with experimental data, the model can be used to predict the optimal thickness of catalyst films. A method for determining appropriate light intensities was proposed and discussed. The appropriate light intensity can be obtained by giving a margin, regarded as an excess coefficient, to the light intensity calculated based on the assumption of complete use of excited electron–hole pairs. The excess coefficient needs to be determined experimentally. In addition, the optimal flow velocity of PCO reactors could be consistent with the required one by changing the windward area of foam nickels. Based on the theoretical analyses, a novel PCO reactor containing 15 parallel-connected cells was designed. Each reaction cell was composed of an UV lamp and a TiO2-coated tubular foam nickel. The performance of the reactor was tested by degrading gaseous formaldehyde at an indoor concentration level. The results showed that the reactor had low pressure loss and good degradation capability. 相似文献
125.
In various medium‐to‐large‐scale fire test equipments like the ISO room corner test (RC), and more recently, the single burning item test (SBI) the mass flow rate measurement of the combustion gases plays a key role in the determination of the heat‐release rate and smoke‐production rate. With the knowledge of the velocity profile and the temperature of the flow, the mass flow rate is obtained by measuring the velocity on the axis of the duct. This is done by means of a bi‐directional probe based on the pitot principle. However, due to the variation of the mean temperature and the temperature gradient in any cross section of the duct, introduced by ever changing combustion gas temperatures, the velocity nor the density profile are constant in time. This paper examines the resulting uncertainty on the mass flow rate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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房间空调器高效节能技术分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
周彬 《制冷与空调(北京)》2003,3(4):44-46
本文主要介绍了高效节能型空调器的优化设计,包括选用高效压缩机、增大换热面积,增大风量、管路的合理设计,旨在提高制冷量,降低功耗,提高能效比。 相似文献
128.
邓风 《青岛理工大学学报》2003,24(1):29-32
对取水泵站水泵部分调速运行和全部调速运行在水源枯水位、常水位及洪水位时的节能效果进行了分析比较 ,并给出了结论 相似文献
129.
研究了(Ba1-xSrx)(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3微波介质陶瓷温度系数的非线性变化以及异常的原因。根据CM公式,随着系统中Sr(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3的增多,τc的异常是由于氧八面体的畸变导致的相转变(对称性降低)所造成的(晶体结构由无序立方相向有序赝立方相的连续变化)。相转变的发生相应影响了极化以及极化模式,这是造成τc异常的根本原因。 相似文献
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