Coupling watershed modeling,public engagement,and soil analysis improves decision making for targeting P retention wetland locations

Constructed and restored wetlands can be effective sinks for particulate and dissolved phosphorus (P) if properly managed, but identifying suitable P retention wetland locations remains challenging. From a landscape perspective, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models identify locations within target watersheds with high nutrient loads that exhibit appropriate site characteristics and hydrodynamics. However, soil properties vary at the field scale, dictating the capacity of wetland systems to remove P and ultimately determining if a given wetland will operate as a sink or source of P over time. Land ownership and site access further complicate identification of P retention wetland locations. As a result, optimization and identification of P retention wetland locations requires analysis at both 1) watershed and 2) field scales, and 3) public engagement. In response, a survey effort linked SWAT model results that identified locations with target watersheds with field soil P storage capacity data and interested landowners. Results suggest that several locations recommended for their high SWAT-predicted P loading and landowner interest were in fact not well suited for project implementation due to soil P saturation and legacy P constraints. These findings highlight the need to couple watershed models with field scale soils analysis to identify locations for P retention wetlands in order to avoid unintended P release. Additionally, increased collaboration with social scientists and others familiar with public engagement strategies is needed to improve outreach activities targeting regional water quality improvements. Practical applications for nutrient retention wetland site selection are also discussed.     

Delineating spatial distribution and thickness of unconsolidated sand along the southwest Lake Michigan shoreline using TEM and ERT geophysical methods

Erosion and accretion of various magnitudes occur along the southwest Lake Michigan shoreline. These processes are triggered by natural events and human activities, which affect the distribution and thickness of sand on the nearshore lake bottom. Significant erosion along the Illinois coastline has highlighted the need for a large-scale means of acquiring spatially rich data to build models of sand distribution along the entire shoreline. Thus, we implemented a high-resolution airborne transient electromagnetic (TEM) method, coupled with a ground-based electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to determine the sand distribution and thickness along the shore from the beach to ~1 km into the lake. From Kenosha, Wisconsin, to Chicago, Illinois, we acquired 1049 line-km of TEM data, and 13.43 line-km of ERT data. Our results indicated a distinct, uneven distribution and thickness of the unconsolidated sand unit covering the southwestern Lake Michigan shoreline. The unconsolidated sand unit was found to range in thickness from 0 to ~12 m. This unconsolidated sand unit was shown to be thickest (4.5 to ~10 m) in the northern part of the study site. In southern Wisconsin and Chicago, the sand layer beneath the water column was found to be very thin, ≤1 m. We propose, based on our analysis, that lake-bed conditions and wind direction are the main factors that limit southward littoral transport. Our data suggest that the current state of the shoreline is relatively analogous to how it has always behaved; however, anthropogenic disturbance has exacerbated the natural patterns of erosion and accretion.     

太湖及太浦河两岸地区洪涝风险分析及对策探讨

由于特殊的自然地理条件,加之人类活动频繁,太湖及太浦河两岸地区的防洪、水资源和水环境等问题交织在一起,导致洪涝风险成因复杂,洪水风险长期存在。分析了该地区的洪涝风险特性,包括太湖水位易涨难消、太浦河两岸地区洪涝风险互相转化、上下游洪水风险转移,以及下垫面、引调水的变化而导致的洪水风险分布随之调整等;根据分析结果,对该地区的洪涝风险类型进行了识别。在此基础上,提出了科学精细调度水利工程、提升平原河网洪水风险分析技术、建立洪水风险实时分析系统以及探索"风险共担"的洪水管理模式等方面的建议。     

长江中游监利段近10年水位流量响应关系新特点

为了掌握三峡水库试验性蓄水以后长江监利河段水位流量响应关系新特点,以监利水文站为代表,采用数理统计、影响因素相关分析等方法进行了研究。结果表明:三峡水库蓄水后,尤其是试验性蓄水后监利河段河床冲刷,同水位过水面积增加,但监利站水位流量关系随断面冲淤调整的特征与下荆江裁弯及三峡水库蓄水初期河床冲刷引起的水位流量关系变化特征有较大不同。下荆江裁弯引起监利站各流量级相应水位降低0.62～0.95 m;蓄水初期(2003～2008年),监利站实测流量点群中心线同流量对应水位比蓄水前有所下降。试验性蓄水期(2009～2018年),同流量对应水位仅在枯水期有明显降低,随着流量级增加,水位降低幅度逐渐减小,当流量超过平滩流量,对应水位基本无变化。水面比降是监利段水位流量关系的主要影响因素,河床冲刷是次要影响因素;该河段水位流量特征的变化受洞庭湖出流顶托影响不明显。     

基于SWMM的铁心桥实验基地内涝防治效果模拟

基于南京水科院铁心桥实验基地的地形、下垫面条件等数据构建了SWMM,模拟了实验基地象目湖观景平台和水上餐厅两个监测点在不同降雨重现期、低影响开发措施、溢流孔设置和水泵强排条件下受淹情况。结果表明,初始水位较低(25.1 m)时,象目湖遭遇500年一遇的降雨事件时水位并未抬升至水上餐厅。初始水位较高(25.6 m)时,200年一遇和500年一遇的降雨事件中水上餐厅受淹持续时间分别为7 h和11 h。采用集水池、雨水花园和生物滞留池3种LID措施对象目湖水位峰值影响模拟结果显示,在5年或10年一遇的降雨事件中雨水花园和集水池可以分别降低象目湖峰值水位0.06 m和0.02 m,生物滞留池没有削减峰值水位。在降雨量为218.5 mm的20160707次降雨事件中LID措施削减象目湖水位效果不明显。水泵抽排流量越大,象目湖水位越早回落到观景平台以下。LID在应对造成城市内涝的低频次、短历时强降雨方面作用有限,铁心桥实验基地象目湖内涝防治应以加强水文气象预测和水位管理、加大溢流孔尺寸和采用水泵强排等措施为主。     

博斯腾湖流域水资源管理决策支持系统设计与实现

为了提高博斯腾湖流域水资源管理水平,设计开发了针对该流域的水资源管理决策支持系统。系统基于Microsoft.NET平台,采用Visual Studio、SQL Server、ArcGIS工具集开发,在流域“地-云-空”一体化监测体系和系统架构的基础上,构建了地图要素管理、基本水文信息、流域生态流量等主要模块,实现了流域空间可视化查询、实时流量动态模拟、流域生态基流计算以及水资源管理配置等功能。结合博斯腾湖流域1956—2019年水文资料及目前数据获取情况,系统可为不同发展模式下水资源管理提供多方面参考信息和技术支撑,能有效提高水资源管理部门决策效率。     

Temporal and spatial dynamics of surface run‐off from Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) using SCS‐CN model coupled with remote sensing and GIS

The Lake Basaka catchment (Ethiopia) has undergone a significant land use–land cover (LULC) change and lake level rise over the past five decades. Significant quantities of water and sediment flow annually into the lake through erosion processes. An appropriate method of estimating the surface run‐off from such ungauged and dynamic catchment is extremely important for delineating sensitive areas (based on run‐off responses) to be protected and for development of suitable measures to reduce run‐off and associated soil loss. Reliable prediction of run‐off, however, is very difficult and time‐consuming for catchments such as that of Lake Basaka. The present study estimated the dynamics of surface (direct) run‐off using the NRCS‐CN model in ArcGIS, assisted by remote sensing and ancillary data. The results indicated the Lake Basaka catchment experienced significant temporal and spatial variability in its run‐off responses, depending on the rainfall (amount and distribution) pattern and LULC changes. A significant run‐off increase occurred after 1973, consistent with significant LULC changes and lake level increments occurring after that period. A reduced vegetation cover also resulted in increased run‐off coefficient of the lake catchment from 0.11 in the 1970s to 0.23 in the 2000s, indicating the important need to consider possible future LULC evolution when forecasting the lake catchment run‐off behaviour.     

Spatio‐temporal trends of nutrients and physico‐chemical parameters on lake ecosystem and fisheries prior to onset of cage farming and re‐opening of the Mbita passage in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria

Many large lake ecosystems are experiencing increasing eutrophication and persistent cyanobacteria‐dominated algal blooms affecting their water quality and ecosystem productivity because of widespread non‐point and point nutrient sources. Accordingly, the present study utilized data of July 2003 and January–February 2004, as well as previous measurements of nutrients and physico‐chemical variables (electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, turbidity and chlorophyll‐a), to characterize the spatial and temporal trends, as a means of better understanding the factors influencing lake environmental conditions, as support tools for long‐term ecosystem management and for better understanding the long‐term trends and effects. Inshore gulf areas were found to represent zones of maximum nutrient concentrations, compared to the deep main lake zones, with significant inter‐parameter correlations. Phosphorus, silicon and chlorophyll‐a concentrations were significantly correlated. Water electrical conductivity was also significantly and positively correlated with soluble reactive silicon (SRSi), alkalinity hardness DO, while exhibiting a negative association with water transparency. Water turbidity and transparency, electrical conductivity, and SRSi concentrations clearly describe a gradient from the gulf into the main lake. For such a shallow gulf, these findings suggest primary productivity is influenced mainly by the availability of nutrients, light transparency and the extent of availability of resuspended nutrients. The increasing eutrophic state of Lake Victoria is a serious concern since it contributes to an increased potential of more frequent occurrences of cyanobacterial blooms, a potential public health risk to both humans and wildlife. Improved understanding of influences from previous fish species introductions and concomitant changes in indigenous fish species, increased lake basin population and anthropogenic activities, water hyacinth resurgences, sustainability of biodiversity, and current interests in cage farming, are among the major concerns and challenges facing the contemporary Lake Victoria. The trends regarding nutrients and physico‐chemical characteristics are intended to support better monitoring efforts and data to promote the lake's ecosystem services and the sustainable management of the lake ecosystem.     

青海湖湖滨湿地演变与驱动因素分析

为了更好地应对气候变化的影响,对暖湿化气候下青海湖湖滨湿地的演变现状及其驱动因子进行研究。通过遥感影像解译和水文分析计算结合实地调查,发现21世纪气候暖湿化进程下,青海湖水位升高2.1 m,入湖水量显著增加。2003—2016年的年均径流量比1956—2002年的年均径流量增加了6.0亿m3,湖面降水增加了3.8亿m3,从最低水位到现状水位的湖滨淹没区面积为222 km2。湖滨区的地下水位抬升,地势较低的河谷区沼泽草甸面积扩大11.7 km2,溢出泉恢复,间歇性河流增加了近30条,间歇性湖泊(泡沼)恢复到1980年初的水平。同时,湖水位上升淹没了约23 km2的湖滨沼泽和鸟岛部分区域,植被腐殖质、食物碎屑和鸟类沉积粪便进入湖泊,加之畜牧业和旅游业的发展,牲畜粪便和垃圾流入青海湖,导致水深和光照适宜的湖滨区爆发刚毛藻水华。     

1960-2015年洞庭湖水资源演变特征分析

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖,也是长江流域重要的调蓄湖泊。由于受下垫面变化、人类活动和气候变化等的影响,洞庭湖流量、水位呈现新的变化趋势,研究洞庭湖水资源演变特征可为洞庭湖保护提供依据。采用Mann-Kendall突变检验方法对洞庭湖出口控制水文站城陵矶（七里山）及长江干流水文站枝城站、螺山站的1960-2015年流量、水位的年际和年内变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：洞庭湖上游长江枝城站在2000年以前径流量变化不大,但从2001年起呈现下降的趋势,水位呈现先上升后下降的趋势,洞庭湖出口城陵矶（七里山）站整体径流量呈现下降的趋势,而平均水位呈现上升的趋势,洞庭湖下游长江螺山站径流量整体上变化不显著,平均水位则呈现上升的趋势;三峡枢纽运行后,3个水文站汛期（4-10月）的径流量和水位均呈现下降趋势,枯水期（1-3月）则出现水位上升趋势;长江上水利工程尤其是三峡工程的修建,对洞庭湖水资源的调节影响明显。