Relating the X-band opacity of a tropical tree canopy to sapflow, rain interception and dew formation

During summer and autumn 2007, a 11 GHz microwave radiometer was deployed in an experimental tree plantation in Sardinilla, Panama. The opacity of the tree canopy was derived from incoming brightness temperatures received on the ground. A collocated eddy-covariance flux tower measured water vapor fluxes and meteorological variables above the canopy. In addition, xylem sapflow of trees was measured within the flux tower footprint. We observed considerable diurnal differences between measured canopy opacities and modeled theoretical opacities that were closely linked to xylem sapflow. It is speculated that dielectric changes in the leaves induced by the sapflow are causing the observed diurnal changes. In addition, canopy intercepted rain and dew formation also modulated the diurnal opacity cycle. With an enhanced canopy opacity model accounting for water deposited on the leaves, we quantified the influence of canopy stored water (i.e. intercepted water and dew) on the opacity. A time series of dew formation and rain interception was directly monitored during a period of two weeks. We found that during light rainfall up to 60% of the rain amount is intercepted by the canopy whereas during periods of intense rainfall only 4% were intercepted. On average, 0.17 mm of dew was formed during the night. Dew evaporation contributed 5% to the total water vapor flux measured above the canopy.     

Estimating life-form cover fractions in California sage scrub communities using multispectral remote sensing

The California sage scrub (CSS) community type in California's Mediterranean-type ecosystems is known for its high biodiversity and is home to a large number of rare, threatened, and endangered species. Because of extensive urban development in the past fifty years, this ecologically significant community type is highly degraded and fragmented. To conserve endangered CSS communities, monitoring internal conditions of communities is as crucial as monitoring distributions of the community type in the region. Vegetation type mapping and field sampling of individual plants provide ecologically meaningful information about CSS communities such as spatial distribution and species compositions, respectively. However, both approaches only provide spatially comprehensive information but no information about internal conditions or vice versa. Therefore, there is a need for monitoring variables which fill the information gap between vegetation type maps and field-based data. A number of field-based studies indicate that life-form fractional cover is an effective indicator of CSS community health and habitat quality for CSS-obligated species. This study investigates the effectiveness of remote sensing approaches for estimating fractional cover of true shrub, subshrub, herb, and bare ground in CSS communities of southern California. Combinations of four types of multispectral imagery ranging from 0.15 m resolution scanned color infrared aerial photography to 10 m resolution SPOT 5 multispectral imagery and three image processing models - per-pixel, object-based, and spectral mixture models - were tested.An object-based image analysis (OBIA) routine consistently yielded higher accuracy than other image processing methods for estimating all cover types. Life-form cover was reliably predicted, with error magnitudes as low as 2%. Subshrub and herb cover types required finer spatial resolution imagery for more accurate predictions than true shrub and bare ground types. Positioning of sampling grids had a substantial impact on the reliability of accuracy assessment, particularly for cover estimates predicted using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) applied to SPOT imagery. Of the approaches tested in this study, OBIA using pansharpened QuickBird imagery is one of the most promising approaches because of its high accuracy and processing efficiency and should be tested for more heterogeneous CSS landscapes. MESMA applied to SPOT imagery should also be examined for effectiveness in estimating factional cover over more extensive habitat areas because of its low data cost and potential for conducting retrospective studies of vegetation community conditions.     

遥感技术在西部生态环境建设和找水中的应用研究

生态环境问题和水资源问题是西部大开发的两大关键问题,西部地区幅员辽阔,地势高亢,环境条件恶劣,交通不便,因此,传统方法无法解决生态环境快速调查和监测的问题,在近十年得到高速发展的遥感技术,具有常规手段难以替代的作用,能够在大范围内开展生态环境调查和寻找地下水信息,作者根据以往的工作实践提出了利用遥感技术进行西部生态环境调查和监测以及在西部不同类型地区进行找水的技术方法,技术路线,供领导部门及有关专家,技术人员参考。     

中草药生态信息管理系统的分析与设计

以Visual Studio．net为开发平台,SQL Server2000为后台数据库进行设计与开发,实现对中草药资源信息进行数据分析和监测预警。系统不但可改进传统的管理方法,而且还可提高种植专业化水平,并为中草药资源可持续发展提供决策依据。     

浅议网络侦听技术——sniffer

该文介绍了一种利用计算机网络接口进行侦听的网络新技术——sniffer。首先介绍了sniffer实施侦听的工作原理,其次介绍了目前常见的免费sniffer工具及其实现步骤,最后对sniffer用于网络入侵的危害及其局限性进行了阐述。     

Technology roles and paths of influence in an ecosystem model of technology evolution

We propose a new conceptual model for understanding technology evolution that highlights dynamic and highly interdependent relationships among multiple technologies. We argue that, instead of considering technologies in isolation, technology evolution is best viewed as a dynamic system or ecosystem that includes a variety of interrelated technologies. By considering the interdependent nature of technology evolution, we identify three roles that technologies play within a technology ecosystem. These roles are components, products and applications, and support and infrastructure. Technologies within an ecosystem interact through these roles and impact each others’ evolution. We also classify types of interactions between technology roles, which we term paths of influence. We demonstrate the use of our proposed model through examples of wireless networking (Wi-Fi) technologies and a business mini-case on the digital music industry.

东江源区水环境保护与生态补偿机制探讨

本文根据东江源区水资源水环境现状、水域纳污能力及水质变化趋势的分析评价结果,结合源区自然资源及社会经济发展状况、水环境水生态保护面临的问题,从生态补偿主体、补偿标准、经费来源以及补偿方式等方面分析了如何在东江源区落实生态补偿机制。     

湖荡湿地对输水河道磷的截留净化作用

选取太湖流域望虞河沿线的鹅真荡和漕湖两个湖荡湿地分析湖荡湿地对水体中总磷、总溶解磷、颗粒磷以及正磷酸盐的截留净化作用和影响因子。结果表明:①湖荡湿地对输水河道中磷有不同程度的截留净化作用,对颗粒态磷和正磷酸盐的截留净化作用最为显著。②湖荡的面积、空间结构、河水在湖荡输入、输出点的位置以及水生植物分布在一定程度上影响湿地对磷的截留净化作用;③水温、pH、DO浓度和Chl-a浓度与水体中的磷浓度均呈极显著负相关,水温、pH、DO浓度与Chl-a浓度均呈极显著正相关,因此藻类是影响湖荡净化磷的重要因子。     

森林水文效应的综合分析

引用森林水文实验站和国家水文基本站网中的森林流域和非森林流域的实测资料,进行同步期的对比分析.对于试验小流域或径流场,总结出林冠截留、树干径流和林地拦蓄的一些统计结果,并归纳得到可供利用的计算公式.对于大面积森林流域,主要从基本水文站网中,森林覆盖率明显不同而其它自然地理条件类似的测站进行对比分析,当干旱指数小于1.2的地区,森林使年径流增加,当干旱指数大于1.2的地区,森林使年径流减少.     

基于生态足迹法的镇赉县生态环境现状评价

吉林省镇赉县位于我国北方农牧交错带,作为一个国家商品粮基地,农业发展的比重大。为了探讨镇赉县生态环境现状和资源消耗特点以及农牧交错带在承担外来资源压力转移方面的作用,应用生态足迹法对镇赉县2010年生物资源生产数据和能源消费数据进行了分析,结果表明镇赉县农牧业发展在资源利用中占主要地位,农牧业生产中大部分产品用于对外销售,因此该地区承担了巨大的外来资源压力转移,已经出现生态赤字。进一步分析还发现,为推动农业发展,当地通过扩大耕地面积来解决粮食产量低、无复种的问题,因此占用其他土地类型,这些活动过度干扰了生态环境,加剧了镇赉县生态环境的恶化。