Demand Forecasting for Irrigation Water Distribution Systems

One of the main problems in the management of large water supply and distribution systems is the forecasting of daily demand in order to schedule pumping effort and minimize costs. This paper examines methodologies for consumer demand modeling and prediction in a real-time environment for an on-demand irrigation water distribution system. Approaches based on linear multiple regression, univariate time series models (exponential smoothing and ARIMA models), and computational neural networks (CNNs) are developed to predict the total daily volume demand. A set of templates is then applied to the daily demand to produce the diurnal demand profile. The models are established using actual data from an irrigation water distribution system in southern Spain. The input variables used in various CNN and multiple regression models are (1) water demands from previous days; (2) climatic data from previous days (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, and sunshine duration); (3) crop data (surfaces and crop coefficients); and (4) water demands and climatic and crop data. In CNN models, the training method used is a standard back-propagation variation known as extended-delta-bar-delta. Different neural architectures are compared whose learning is carried out by controlling several threshold determination coefficients. The nonlinear CNN model approach is shown to provide a better prediction of daily water demand than linear multiple regression and univariate time series analysis. The best results were obtained when water demand and maximum temperature variables from the two previous days were used as input data.     

井内换热器和回灌的地热水供热系统

强调了地热水利用中应注意的问题，比较了两种地热水利用方式的优缺点，介绍了使用回灌井和井内换热器的新型地热水供热系统，对解决地热水浪费问题和可持续发展地热供热事业具有现实意义。     

灌区稻田控制排水对排水量及盐分影响的试验研究

宁夏银南灌区每年从黄河引水约16亿m3,其中超过一半的水量以排水形式退回黄河或湖泊湿地。监测数据显示目前排水的含盐量较低,排水过量现象严重,不仅导致了水资源的浪费,而且加剧了黄河及湖泊湿地的污染。造成这种现象的主要原因之一是现有灌区排水系统能力过剩。本文介绍了在该灌区水稻田进行的一项控制排水试验,研究了在生长期内抬高排水沟出口对田间排水和盐分变化的影响。试验结果表明,将深度为1m的排水农沟控制到60cm时,生长期内农沟地下排水量减少了50%左右。排水量减少后,田间地下水含盐量增长幅度仅为3.7%,远远低于影响作物生长的临界含盐量。因此,控制排水措施具有节约灌溉用水和减少农业非点源污染的重要意义。     

生态脆弱地区适宜节水强度研究

选择宁夏青铜峡引黄灌区为研究对象,根据确保既不发生盐渍化也不发生荒漠化控制地下水埋深的原则,运用MODFLOW软件,构建了研究区的地下水数值模拟模型.采用情景分析方法,在模拟9种节水灌溉方案地下水埋深的生态适宜性基础上,给出了研究区适宜节水强度推荐方案.推荐方案对应的节水规模为全年引黄水量44.71亿m3,与2000年的60.29亿m3引水量相比,节水强度达到了25.8%,此为该灌区的适宜节水强度.     

河曲引黄灌溉工程隧洞施工的质量控制

介绍河曲引黄灌溉工程隧洞施工前准备、洞挖、洞挖支护、隧洞衬砌等隧洞施工阶段的质量控制工作.     

扬水灌区灌溉用水量浅析

通过对运城地区大中型扬水站1984－1999年亩用水量统计分析，提出大中型泵站应综合灌芡产业结构调整和实际灌溉情况，并考虑1997年的旱情，对各站进行规模复核，对有富余供水能力又有发展条件的泵站，建议进行扩大灌区规模设计，以便充分发挥现有工程设施的作用。对规划灌区，要充分考虑农村产业结构调整，及已成灌区亩毛用水量，建议灌溉建设保证率取50％。     

Evaluating Regional Solutions to Salinization and Waterlogging in an Irrigated River Valley

Potential solutions to high soil salinity levels and waterlogging problems are investigated on a regional scale using calibrated finite-difference flow and mass transport modeling for a portion of the Lower Arkansas River Valley in Colorado. A total of 38 alternatives incorporating varying degrees of recharge reduction, canal seepage reduction, subsurface drainage installation, and pumping volume increases are modeled over three irrigation seasons (1999–2001). Six performance indicators are used to evaluate the effectiveness of these alternatives in improving agroecological conditions, compared to existing conditions. Predicted average regional decrease in water table elevation (as great as 1.93 m over the irrigation season) is presented for selected alternatives, as well as the spatial mapping of results. Decrease in soil salinity concentration (with regional and seasonal average reduction as high as 950 mg/L) is also predicted and mapped. Estimated groundwater salinity changes, reduction in total salt loading to the river, increase in average regional crop yield, and changes in net water consumption indicate the potential for marked regional-scale enhancements to the irrigation-stream-aquifer system.     

Irrigation Hydrology: Crossing Scales

Hydrology is the science concerned with distribution, circulation, and properties of water of the earth and its atmosphere, across the full range of time and space scales. Subject matter ranges widely from chemical and physical properties to the relation of water to living things. Irrigation hydrology is constrained to analysis of irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The continuum science of irrigation hydrology includes the surface, subsurface (unsaturated and groundwater systems), atmospheric, and plant subsystems. How do we scale up highly nonlinear physical, chemical, and biological processes understood at natural scales to macro- and mega-scales at which we measure and manage irrigated agroecosystems? How do we measure, characterize, and include natural heterogeneity in scaling nonlinear processes? In this paper, we discuss scaling issues and related research opportunities in irrigation hydrology with the hope of helping the irrigation-drainage engineering/science profession better address scaling problems in formulating designs affecting irrigated ecosystems.     

我省节水农业的技术体系与发展思路

本文论述了我省节水农业的重大战略意义，并提出出了节水灌溉技术体系和发展思路。     

涌泉灌技术在陈庄果园的应用

过临猗县闫家庄镇陈庄果园试点,对用涌泉灌、滴灌及微喷灌三种微灌技术进行比较,结果表明涌泉灌具有抗堵塞能力强、投资少、管理方便、使用寿命长等优点,应予优先推广