松辽流域2001年汛期雨水情分析

本文从天气形势、降雨分布、洪水特性、水库蓄水、辽河断流等几方面对松辽流域2001年的雨水情特点进行了分析,并与历史资料进行了对比,指出该年汛期流域内降雨量偏少,江河来水量偏枯,整个松辽流域属偏旱年景。     

民族文化延续传承与再创造的规划实践——黑龙江省同江市八岔赫哲族乡灾后重建规划

文化是一个民族的灵魂,是推动人类进步的精神支柱和动力来源。对于一个少数民族而言,独特的文化更是民族存在和发展的核心内涵。赫哲族作为我国人口极少的少数民族之一,有着深厚的文化底蕴和鲜明的民俗特色。研究结合同江市八岔赫哲族乡灾后重建规划,从呵护民族文化、尊重自然生态的角度出发,阐述规划过程中关注少数民族地域环境、风土人情和建筑风貌的重要性,从文化、活力和发展的角度提出设计方法与途径,通过规划结构、空间形态、水系景观、建筑形式及细节表现等方面的规划设计,继承和发扬赫哲族的传统文化,以期为我国其他少数民族聚集地的规划建设提供借鉴。     

嘉兴地区中小河流河道整治工程地质勘察技术探讨

近几年,嘉兴市中小河流整治工作如火如荼地展开。那么,如何提高河道的工程地质勘察技术水平呢？本文概述了嘉兴地区中小河流河道整治工程的现状,对嘉兴市河道整治工程地质勘察过程中的一些技术问题进行了分析和探讨。     

The Orinoco river: A review of hydrobiological research

The Orinoco River is one of the world's longest rivers (2060 km) and in terms of average water discharge (36000 m³ s^?1) it ranks third. Seventy per cent of its basin (1.1 × 10⁶km²) is found in Venezuela and the rest in Colombia. Due to the uneven distribution of the population toward the northern coastal areas (97 per cent of the population inhabits 55 per cent of the country with only 16 per cent of the surface waters) plans have been carried out to develop resources in the Orinoco Basin. So far these programs include mining (mainly iron and bauxite), oil exploration and extraction from the Orinoco Oil Belt, industry, river transport, and hydroelectric exploitation. Development of the latter has involved the construction of two dams on the Caroní River (the most important blackwater tributary of the Orinoco) and two more are planned on this same river. Hydroelectric projects are also being considered for the Orinoco River. Physicochemical and biological characterization has been regarded as of major importance to establish base-line information to detect and quantify possible alterations in this river which is considered to be in a pristine state. Systematic hydrobiological research has recently been carried out in the river, some of its major tributaries, and floodplain lakes, and a fair amount of knowledge has emerged mainly from its lower section. Phytoplankton studies have revealed the presence of over 400 species of algae. Zooplankton research has identified 116 taxa of rotifers and 58 taxa of cladocerans. In general plankton densities negatively correlate with water level. Diatoms were observed to predominate in the Orinoco River while Cyanophyta predominate in the studied floodplain lakes. Seventeen aquatic macrophyte species have been recorded in the lakes of the Orinoco with high densities of Eichhornia crassipes, Oxycarium cubense, and Paspalum repens. Rooted emergent and floating-plant cover tends to increase rapidly during high water. Some 318 species and subspecies of fish have been reported for the Orinoco Basin, even though this number is far from complete. Preliminary data have revealed different species associations among relatively close lakes with biomasses ranging between 30 to 900kg ha^?1 displaying considerable variations in diversity and species richness. Fisheries along the Orinoco are mainly of a multispecific nature and their overall potential has been estimated as being in the order of 45 000t yr^?1. In general, management plans have taken into consideration the multispecific potential of the Orinoco Basin but indicate a lack of sufficient knowledge of the physical, biological, and social aspects involved. Furthermore development plans tend to precede the generation of this basic knowledge, thereby increasing the risks of conflict among the various users of the resources involved.     

The East Kent Chalk Aquifer during the 1988-92 Drought

Groundwater resources of Chalk aquifers may become depleted during drought periods; major causes of this depletion include reductions in the aquifer transmissivity and the interaction between aquifers and rivers. In the East Kent aquifer there are certain catchments where difficulties are encountered in maintaining yields but, in other catchments, drought periods have little effect on the available resources. A mathematical model is developed to help understand the flow processes within the aquifer system, and the model is used to predict the consequences of possible abstraction scenarios.     

河道内生态环境需水量研究

河道内生态环境需水量的合理量化是河流生态系统健康维护和水资源优化配置中亟待解决的热点问题。为此，分析总结了河道内生态环境需水量的概念及其内涵、确定原则、量化方法的最新研究成果，提出目前河道内生态环境需水量研究中存在的一些问题，同时展望了河道内生态环境需水量研究的发展趋势。     

Determining loss characteristics of arid zone river waterbodies

Understanding the retention time of water in waterbodies during periods of no surface flow in dryland rivers provides an important context for evaluating the ecological importance of a waterhole to the river system. Time series of water level data were collected from 10 waterbodies spread across three river systems of the Lake Eyre Basin (LBE), Australia. Observed loss rates in the absence of surface flow were compared to modelled evaporation rates in order to determine whether open water evaporation was the main loss process from isolated waterholes and to what extent there is evidence of interaction between the surface water and any shallow groundwater aquifers. The modelled evaporation rates were determined using the Penman combination equation and meteorological data from the closest climate station in the region of the waterbodies. The modelled evaporation data were able to explain only some of the variability in the observed loss data but did highlight periods where other processes (including observation error) need to be invoked. These other possible processes, which include temporary groundwater connection and the effect of heat storage on the evaporation losses, probably contribute as much to the observed data variability as error introduced by the use of regional meteorological data. Assuming evaporation is the dominant process determining water loss in the absence of flow, the persistence of a waterhole is primarily dependent upon its depth when flow ceases. The annual loss shown by most waterbodies lies within the range of the modelled evaporation rate using the Penman combination equation and equates between 1.5 and 2.5 m per annum. The use of water level data in conjunction with the modelled evaporation rates was able to provide important insights into controls on waterbody loss rates and persistence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云县下江边村滑坡稳定性分析与评价

云县后箐乡下江边村滑坡体方量松散层为173.8万m^3,松动体为169.9万m^3,总量达345.01万m^3.滑坡形成机制复杂,经分析,在自然正常工况下,滑坡体不具备整体瞬时失稳下滑的可能,尚不足以造成堵江堰塞.     

河流健康评估的原则和方法

河流健康评估应包括物理-化学评估、生物栖息地质量评估、水文评估和生物群落的评估等内容.评估需要建立生境因子与生物因子的相关关系,需要建立基准点即参照系统,需要明确水文条件、水质条件和栖息地质量三个要素,需要因地制宜地为每一条河流建立健康评估体系及建立生物监测系统和网络.     

Integrated Catchment Management Planning

Catchment management plans represent the National Rivers Authority's vision for the water environment. With the National Rivers Authority being organized by hydrological regions, the catchment is seen as the natural management unit, and catchment plans offer the means to integrate the Authority's work programme with those of other agencies. Catchment plans summarize relevant data and include an agreed action programme to optimize catchment uses, produced after wide consultation; they complement local authority statutory plans, are current for five to ten years, and will be reviewed regularly during this period. The catchment planning process is seen by the National Rivers Authority as a medium for promoting discussion, resolving conflict, assigning priorities, and setting targets by which progress on key issues can be monitored.