An updated estimate of the body dimensions of US children

Anthropometric data from children are important for product design and the promulgation of safety standards. The last major detailed study of child anthropometry in the USA was conducted more than 30 years ago. Subsequent demographic changes and the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity render those data increasingly obsolete. A new, large-scale anthropometric survey is needed. As an interim step, a new anthropometric synthesis technique was used to create a virtual population of modern children, each described by 84 anthropometric measures. A subset of these data was validated against limited modern data. Comparisons with data from the 1970s showed significant changes in measures of width and circumference of the torso, arms and legs. Measures of length and measurements of the head, face, hands and feet exhibited little change. The new virtual population provides guidance for a comprehensive child anthropometry survey and could improve safety and accommodation in product design.

Practitioner Summary: This research reviews the inadequacies of available sources of US child anthropometry as a result of the rise in the rates of overweight and obesity. A new synthesised database of detailed modern child anthropometry was created and validated. The results quantify changes in US child body dimensions since the 1970s.     

吗替麦考酚酯胶囊在中国健康男性受试者空腹及餐后状态下的完全重复交叉设计的生物等效性研究

目的：评价吗替麦考酚酯胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂在中国健康男性受试者空腹及餐后状态下的生物等效性。方法：空腹试验和餐后试验各入组40例中国健康男性受试者，均采用两制剂、两序列、四周期、完全重复交叉设计。受试者于每周期单剂量口服0.25 g吗替麦考酚酯胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂。采用液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法测定血浆中吗替麦考酚酯和代谢产物麦考酚酸的浓度。通过Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0软件采用非房室模型计算药动学参数，使用SAS 9.4软件进行统计分析。对于参比制剂的个体内标准差（SWR）<0.294的药动学参数采用平均生物等效性（ABE）方法进行生物等效性评价，对于SWR≥0.294的药动学参数采用参比制剂校正的平均生物等效性（RSABE）方法进行生物等效性评价。结果：在空腹试验中，吗替麦考酚酯Cmax、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞以及麦考酚酸Cmax的SWR大于0.294（分别为0.643 4、0.456 5、0.434 9和0.335 7），（YT－YR）2－θS2WR的单侧95%置信区间上限分别为－0.217 0、－0.118 8、－0.104 4和－0.043 7，几何均值比（T/R）的点估计值分别为91.73%、98.95%、98.13%和92.09%，结果均符合RSABE的生物等效性判定标准。在空腹试验中，麦考酚酸AUC0-t和AUC0-∞的SWR小于0.294（分别为0.090 9和0.108 4），几何均值比（T/R）的90%置信区间分别为95.49%～100.07%和95.10%～100.26%，结果均符合ABE的生物等效性判定标准。在餐后试验中，吗替麦考酚酯Cmax、AUC0-t和AUC0-∞的SWR大于0.294（分别为0.587 9、0.387 5和0.386 5），（YT－YR）2－θS2WR的单侧95%置信区间上限分别为－0.157 4、－0.085 2和－0.082 8，几何均值比（T/R）的点估计值分别为91.09%、99.58%和99.58%，结果均符合RSABE的生物等效性判定标准。在餐后试验中，麦考酚酸Cmax、AUC0-t和AUC0-∞的SWR小于0.294（分别为0.260 9、0.112 2和0.127 5），几何均值比（T/R）的90%置信区间分别为91.28%～107.63%、97.39%～103.70%和96.72%～103.34%，结果均符合ABE的生物等效性判定标准。结论：吗替麦考酚酯胶囊的受试制剂与参比制剂在空腹及餐后条件下均生物等效。     

空间随机性围岩隧道纵向差异变形设计值确定

隧道沿纵向的差异变形是引发衬砌破损和开裂渗漏病害的主要原因之一,而围岩空间分布的变异性则是隧道纵向差异变形预测不准的主要因素。本文根据围岩弹性模量空间变异性的随机分布统计规律特征,选择截断式正态分布进行拟合,建立了考虑围岩空间随机分布的三维随机有限元数值模拟方法,对隧道纵向差异变形进行预测,并引入可靠度理论,提出隧道纵向差异变形的概率可靠度设计值确定方法。通过案例分析发现:围岩弹性模量空间随机性与纵向差异变形值有明显的正相关性,围岩弹性模量空间随机统计函数的变异系数越大,差异变形量就越大,采用传统均匀法计算的误差就越大;差异位移值可近似分为近指数型离散阶段、波动性离散阶段、非线性离散阶段、单一化线性离散阶段4个阶段,其对应的临界变异系数分别为15.94%、23.02%、56.30%。     

乡村振兴视域下传统建筑材料的现代应用研究

工业革命之后,随着混凝土、玻璃等现代建筑材料的兴起,建筑与其地域之间的关联性被割裂,城市建筑与地域环境多存隔膜,对于这种情况的反思与修正一直持续至今。传统建筑材料具有就地取材、良好的热工性能等优势,在建筑设计与建造过程中能够节约能源、人力,更能实践生态环保理念,因此,在具体设计过程中对传统材料潜力的挖掘已成为融合城市建筑与环境的重要手段,通过材料引起身体体验、情感与文化共鸣,以回应城市建筑所处的地域环境。为此,从"城市"环境理解为"城市气候""城市景观"与"城市文化"三大构成要素的复合三个方面展开论述,试图借由传统材料应用关联"城市"的各构成要素,构建建筑与城市环境之间的多层次关联,抵御全球化以来地域风貌与文化多样性的衰减与同质化的侵蚀,为城市建筑的材料应用提供有益的参考。     

Evolution of the Nile River drought risk based on the streamflow record at Aswan station,Egypt

The drought in Ethiopian Highlands, source of the Nile flood, has been in the news off and on since the early 1970s, to such an extent that it can be inquired if the Nile basin users are exposed to a drought risk increasing in time. Based on a methodology developed by the author and previously used for flood risk assessment, this article aims to study the progressive modification of the likelihood of occurrence of a certain drought event in the Nile River, based on the annual record available at the Aswan station, Egypt. The record is thoroughly studied to detect possible trends and seasonalities. It is then divided into subsamples, on which frequency analyses were performed using the linear moments (L-moments) method. L-moments perform well with short records and are less sensitive to extremes. The 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-year droughts are estimated based on every subsample, then the temporal evolutions of these estimates are investigated. The results show a cyclic pattern of the drought risk, confirming the previously suggested non-stationarity of the flow series as one of the possible interpretation of the Hurst phenomenon.     

干热气候地区城市设计策略探析--以攀枝花市民商务办公区城市设计为例

本文以攀枝花市民商务办公区城市设计为例，分别从宏观、中观、微观三个层面提出应对当地干热气候的城市设计策略，以营造高效、清洁、健康、舒适的城镇建筑环境，为干热地区城镇的城市规划与建设提供借鉴与参考。     

Analysis of probabilistic climate projections: heat wave,overheating and adaptation

Climate change could substantially impact on the performance of buildings in providing thermal comfort to occupants. The recently launched UK climate projections (UKCP09) suggest that all areas of the UK will become warmer in the future with the possibility of more frequent and severe extreme events, such as heat waves. This study, as part of the low carbon futures (LCF) project, explores the consequent risk of overheating and the vulnerability of a building to extreme events. A simple statistical model proposed by the LCF project elsewhere has been employed to emulate the outputs of the dynamic building simulator (ESP-r), which if directly used with the numerous replicated climates available from a probabilistic climate database could be practically challenging. For complex probabilistic climate datasets, we demonstrate the efficiency of the statistical tool in performing a systematic analysis of various aspects of heat waves including: frequency of extreme heat events in changing climate; its impact on overheating issues and effects of specific adaptation techniques applied to offset predicted overheating. We consider a domestic building as a virtual case study. Results are presented relative to a baseline climate (1961–1990) for three future timelines (2030s, 2050s and 2080s) and three emission scenarios (Low, Medium and High).     

Managing grapevines to optimise fruit development in a challenging environment: a climate change primer for viticulturists

Grapevine reproductive development extends over two seasons, and the genotypic expression of yield potential and fruit composition is subject to environmental impacts, which include viticultural manipulations, throughout this period. This paper reviews current knowledge on yield formation and fruit composition and attempts to identify challenges, opportunities and priorities for research and practice. The present analysis of published information gives a critical appraisal of recent advances concerning variables, especially as they relate to global climate change, that influence yield formation and fruit composition at harvest. Exciting discoveries in fundamental research on the one hand and an increasing focus on outcomes and knowledge transfer on the other are enabling the development and implementation of practical recommendations that will impact grape production in the future. Future research should aim to minimise seasonal variation and optimise the profitable and sustainable production of high-quality fruit for specific uses in the face of climate change, water and labour shortages, shifting consumer preferences and global competition. Better control of product quantity and quality, and differentiation to meet consumer demands and market preferences will enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of the global grape and wine industries.