环境因子对土壤水分蒸散的影响

在有作物生长的条件下，土壤散失到大气中的水分主要通过土壤表面蒸发和作物叶面蒸腾两种方式进行，二者之和称为土壤水分蒸散。由于作物冠层的遮荫作用，作物覆盖下土壤水分的蒸发强度与裸土情况下显然不同。本文建立了土壤水分蒸散率的计算公式，并对几个环境因子的影响进行了讨论。计算结果表明，冠层净辐射强度和空气饱和差对蒸散率影响较大，而气温和风速的影响相对较小。当冠层净辐射强度和空气饱和差增大时，蒸散率和日蒸散总量的增加均较为明显。另外，作物的叶面积指数对蒸散也有较大的影响，同时它对蒸发和蒸腾在蒸散中所占的比重影响很大，叶面积指数增大时，叶面蒸腾所占的份额增大，而蒸发所占的份额相应地减小。     

推广"牛-沼-草"生态农业是实现农民增收的有效途径

本文简要介绍了“牛－沼－草”生态农业的内容、主要做法和推广措施,并通过实践证明推广“牛－沼－草”生态模式是实现农民增收的有效途径。     

Reed canary grass yield and fuel quality in Estonian farmers’ fields

Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is one of the possible raw materials for bioenergy production in northern Europe. Its cultivation is favoured because its high productivity and local origin. However, problems with the biomass quality for combustion have been reported. Usually delayed harvest in spring is suggested to improve the quality and decrease the moisture content of biomass. On the other hand, the feasibility of spring harvest depends on local climatic conditions and may cause yield losses. In current paper we studied reed canary grass fields in Estonia locating on different soil types and cultivated with various varieties. The influence of several fertilisation schemes on biomass yield was analysed. Our results indicated that production was higher on mineral soils than on the organic soil of abandoned peat extraction sites. Even different types of fertilisation did not increase the production on organic soils to the level comparable to those on mineral soils. Among studied varieties ‘Venture’ had the highest production. The highest yield per area was obtained late in the autumn (12.7 t d.w. per ha and 7.2 t d.w. per ha on mineral and organic soils, respectively). By spring the amount of biomass had decreased in all studied sites. Due to wet soil some of the fields remained unharvested, the others had high yield losses during practical harvesting. The chemical analyses did not reveal significant differences in the composition of biomass between late autumn and spring. Therefore we conclude that late autumn harvest should be preferred in local climatic conditions.     

基层党建引领安全生产的探索与实践

安全生产是一切工作的重中之重,没有安全生产就谈不上发展和效益。以石圪台煤矿连掘三队基层党建为例,论述了基层党建引领安全生产的具体做法。分析认为,基层党支部在安全生产中不仅要发挥好支部战斗堡垒作用和党员的先锋模范带头作用,还要在安全管控措施内融入人文要素,实施"严管与厚爱"并行的管理模式,才能确保实现安全生产的长治久安。连掘三队丰富且卓有成效的安全管理实践表明,安全效益的取得,很大一部分作用来自于全员的高度认同和高效执行,是重视发挥人的作用的结果。     

利用水量平衡法计算蒸腾量的尝试

本文简要地研究了森林生态系统中的水量平衡关系,分析了当林地土壤含水量达到饱和状态时,尝试利用水量平衡法计算森林生态系统蒸腾量,并通过实例验证了这一方法.结果表明,方法可行,结果合理.     

Subcutaneous and intramuscular lipid traits as tools for classifying Iberian pigs as a function of their feeding background

The present work was aimed to study the feasibility of classifying Iberian pigs fattened with two different diets, acorns and grass (AG) and oleic acid enriched concentrate (HO), by means of comparing the fatty acid profile and the content of different compounds of the unsaponifiable lipid fraction (neophytadiene and α- and γ-tocopherol) of subcutaneous (SCF) and intramuscular (IMF) fat of Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus muscles. The proportions of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and linoleic (C18:2 n-6) acids of the three studied tissues did not show a consistent behaviour as influenced by the feeding. The proportion of oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was significantly affected by the diet in SCF and IMF of Semimembranosus muscle but not in IMF of B. femoris. Some minor fatty acids, such as arachidonic (C20:4 n-6) and linolenic (C18:3 n-3) acids, showed the best ability for the classification of the animals according to their feeding background and the obtained values showed significant differences caused by the diet in the three studied tissues. Neophytadiene and γ-tocopherol contents were statistically higher in AG than in HO pigs, while there were not differences in the α-tocopherol levels between experimental groups. Thus, it seems that procedures based on the quantification of arachidonic (C20:4 n-6) and linoleic (C18:3 n-3) acids as well as neophytadiene and γ-tocopherol levels would be useful to differentiate Iberian pigs fattened outdoors on acorns and grass from those fed MUFA enriched diets.     

Solid-state fermentation of Lathyrus sativus seeds using Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus sp T-3 to eliminate the neurotoxin β-ODAP without loss of nutritional value

The presence of a neurotoxic amino acid, 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (β-ODAP), in the seeds of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is the cause of an irreversible spastic paraparesis, neurolathyrism, after over-consumption. This is a negative factor in an otherwise very tasty, nutritious, easily cultivated and hardy food crop in Asia and Africa. The reduction of β-ODAP to less than 10% of the original content has been reached by fermenting L sativas Jamalpur seeds with Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 1988 for 48 h, followed by fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus sp T-3 for 48 h. Other nutritional qualities were also improved in the fermented seed meal: increased content of protein, higher amino acid scores for sulphur-containing and aromatic amino acids, better resistance to high temperature and to oxidation, and drastic reduction of the flatulence factors.     

The effects of intravenous supplements of amino acids on the milk production of dairy cows consuming grass silage and a supplement containing feather meal

Two experiments were carried out to identify the limiting amino acids for milk production in dairy cows consuming diets based on grass silage and a cereal-based supplement containing feather meal as the only high-protein ingredient. In the first experiment, the yield of protein in milk was increased by 26% in response to intravenous infusion of a mixture of histidine, lysine, methionine and tryptophan. In the second experiment, omission of methionine from the infused mixture led to no reduction in the milk response compared with that seen with the mixture of four amino acids, confirming that methionine was not limiting milk production from the basal diet. The results have important implications for the choice of complementary proteins to blend with feather meal in diets for ruminants.     

Effect of long-term application of animal slurries to grassland on silage quality assessed in laboratory silos

The effect on silage quality of slurry type (pig or cow), rate of application of slurry (50, 100 or 200 m³ ha^?1 year^?1) and use of a bacterial silage inoculant, was assessed on grass from a long-term slurry experiment ensiled in laboratory silos. There was no significant effect of slurry type or the quality of silage made from grass re growths. However, on the basis of ammonia-N, lactate and volatile fatty acid contents, spring (first cut) grass treated with cow slurry in both years of the study produced significantly poorer fermentation (P < 0.001) than silage from grass treated with pig slurry. The quality of silage made from slurry-treated swards compared favourably with that from swards treated with granular fertiliser. Although increasing the rate of slurry application was shown to reduce fermentation quality in most treatments, this was seen as an effect of increasing the total-N content of the herbage rather than of slurry application per se. From a study, in selected treatments, of the bacterial flora at harvest, it was also observed that slurry application had little impact on either the composition or diversity of herbage enter bacteria at harvest, and therefore probably upon subsequent fermentation. No evidence was found for the occurrence of clostridia on herbage from slurry-treated swards. Use of a bacterial inoculant (Ecosyl; ICI plc) improved fermentation quality significantly (P < 0.001) even where high rates of slurry (200 m³ ha^?1 year^?1) had been applied to swards. The high acetate and butyrate contents typical of laboratory silages untreated with additive were not seen in the inoculated silages.     

Evaluation of potential use of nootkatone against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and rice weevil [S. oryzae (L.)](Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Nootkatone is a natural sesquiterpene ketone that shows insecticidal activity against insects and ticks. Its contact toxicity and repellency against two major stored-product insect pests, maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and rice weevil [Sitophilus oryzae (L.)], were investigated in the current study. Contact toxicity was evaluated using a no-choice test with treated filter paper, while repellency was evaluated using a choice test with treated corn (for maize weevils) or wheat (for rice weevils). Nootkatone showed low contact toxicity (ranging from 0 to 51%) against the two weevil species at the tested concentrations (ranging from 11.58 μg/cm² to 1158.08 μg/cm²) on filter papers. In choice tests, corn treated with 0.10% or higher and wheat treated with 0.5% nootkatone or higher had significantly fewer maize or rice weevils compared with the solvent only treated control, indicating a repellent effect. The repellency percentage ranged between 46.3 and 93.1% against maize weevils and 39.2-67.2% for rice weevils.