大坝泄水对鱼类洄游能力的影响研究

大坝的建设将天然河道分隔成上、下两个环境单元,改变了河道的流量、流速和水位等水文要素,使原有的水力条件及生态环境都发生了变化,对鱼类的洄游、繁殖和生长等都产生较大影响。以江河湖泊常见鱼种—成年鲤为研究对象,以0.02 m~3/s为基础流量,按照0.01 m~3/s的流量递增进行大坝泄水模拟实验;采用声学信号监测技术监测成年鲤在不同泄水量下的洄游能力及游泳轨迹,分析不同泄水量的河道流场并与鱼类游泳轨迹进行拟合,研究不同流速对鱼类洄游能力的影响。结果表明:成年鲤的洄游距离、游泳速度随着河道流速增大而逐渐减小,成年鲤洄游开始出现困难、开始出现逆流后退以及无法洄游时河道流速分别为0.42,0.48 m/s和0.62 m/s;泄水量每增加一个0.01 m~3/s流量梯度,成年鲤洄游距离约减少1.5 m,说明随着河道流速增大鱼类洄游轨迹变化是一个逐渐收敛的过程。大坝泄水过程同时还会造成氮气和氧气过饱和、改变水体温度和浊度从而对鱼类生存环境、繁殖及鱼类资源造成影响。     

某工程基础及钢围堰设计与施工

水中基础施工是桥梁施工中控制工期的重要节点,该文阐述了在枯水期通过先旋挖钻孔施工桩基础再进行钢围堰施工,可避免常规施工方法在钢围堰上搭设钻孔平台进行水上钻孔施工的安全风险,为类似工程提供一定的参考。     

铁岗水库大坝安全监测自动化系统应用分析

为全面了解铁岗水库大坝安全监测自动化系统的运行情况，本文对系统的可靠性、稳定性和准确性等指标进行分析计算，总结系统运行过程中存在的问题，并就进一步提高水库的大坝安全监测自动化水平提出建议，得到了有益于提高水库整体水利信息化水平的结论。     

动态循环荷载下大坝混凝土拉压转换损伤本构模型构建及影响研究

目前混凝土坝抗震安全评价中,对于动态循环荷载下大坝混凝土损伤本构模型中从受拉状态向受压状态转变过程(拉压转换)中的混凝土弹性模量变化,一般都基于商用软件ABAQUS的"单边效应"假设,认为混凝土弹性模量立即恢复为初始弹性模量。上述假设的合理性缺乏试验验证,直接影响混凝土坝抗震安全评价的可靠性。通过对全级配大坝混凝土拉压转换全过程试验成果的观察分析,发现混凝土从受拉状态进入受压状态后弹性模量并非立即恢复为初始弹性模量,而是由损伤后弹性模量连续渐进恢复至初始弹性模量,期间原有的受拉残余应变在压应力作用下迅速减小到较小数值,因此ABAQUS的"单边效应"假设并不符合实际情况。本文以全级配大坝混凝土拉压转换全过程试验成果为基础,提出受拉损伤发生后,拉压转换时受压应力应变关系采用双折线模型的思路,据此推导了相应的应力-应变关系解析表达式,构建了更接近混凝土拉压转换时真实状况的本构关系数值模型。通过实际工程的计算分析,发现常用的受压弹性模量立即恢复为初始弹性模量的损伤本构模型过高估计了坝体刚度,可能带来偏于不安全的评价结果。     

Growth,milk production,reproductive performance,and stayability of dairy heifers born from 2-year-old or mixed-age dams

Keeping replacement heifers that were the progeny of primiparous cows mated by artificial insemination enhances rates of genetic gain. Previous research has shown that heifers that were the progeny of primiparous cows were lighter at birth and grew at a slower rate to first calving compared with heifers born to multiparous dams. Furthermore, heifers that were heavier before first calving produced more milk than did lighter heifers. This study aimed to determine whether there were body weight, milk production, or reproductive disadvantages for heifers born from primiparous compared with multiparous dams. Data comprised body weight records from 189,936 New Zealand dairy heifers. Dams were allocated to 4 groups according to their age: 2 yr old (n = 13,717), 3 yr old (n = 39,258), 4 to 8 yr old (n = 120,859), and 9 yr or older (n = 16,102). Heifers that were the progeny of 2-yr-old dams were lighter from 3 to 21 mo of age than heifers that were the progeny of 3-yr-old and 4- to 8-yr-old dams. The progeny of 2- and 3-yr-old dams produced similar milk solids yields (± standard error of the mean) during their first lactation (304.9 ± 1.6 and 304.1 ± 1.5 kg, respectively), but more than that of 4- to 8-yr-old dams (302.4 ± 1.5). Furthermore, the progeny of 2-yr-old dams had similar stayabilities to first, second, and third calving to that of the progeny of 4- to 8-yr-old and ≥9-yr-old dams. Reproductive performance, as measured by calving and recalving rates was similar in first-calving heifers of all age-of-dam classes. Additionally, second and third calving rates were similar for the progeny of 2- and 3-yr-old dams. Interestingly, the progeny of dams ≥9 yr old had the lowest milk solids production in first (297.8 ± 1.6 kg), second (341.6 ± 1.8 kg), and third lactations (393.2 ± 2.4 kg). Based on the results of this study, keeping replacements from dams aged 9 yr and over could not be recommended. Furthermore, heifers born to 2-yr-old dams were lighter but produced more milk than heifers from older dams, in addition to having superior genetic merit.     

某河床式水电站溢流坝裂缝分析处理

混凝土坝裂缝的预防和控制是混凝土坝工程设计和施工的重点研究课题,每个工程混凝土裂缝发生的部位和数量各不相同,裂缝的成因也不尽相同,只有分析清楚裂缝的成因和危害才能采取相应的措施进行预防和解决.本文对某河床式水电站溢流坝闸墩和堰面裂缝的成因和危害进行了详细的分析,针对性地提出了裂缝处理方案和后续预防措施.电站溢流坝闸墩及堰面裂缝经处理后已有裂缝已封闭,后续混凝土浇筑未见新的裂缝产生,目前工程已安全运行十多年.     

硬质合金焊接刀具刀体材料及淬火工艺

硬质合金焊接刀具刀体在钎焊过程中被正火和回火,引起刀体硬度和强度下降,导致刀具性能不稳定,刀具容易出现折断损坏或扭曲变形。虽然采用9Si Cr可以缓解刀体硬度和强度的下降,但制造成本较高。试验表明,只要将淬火温度控制在900℃以下,采用油淬火冷却剂和焊接刀片刀体一体淬火的新工艺可以保证40Cr刀体的淬火硬度达到40HRC以上,完全能够满足使用性能要求,降低原材料成本。     

GIS技术在城市防洪排涝中的应用分析

随着城镇化进程不断加快以及气候变暖带来的极端气候变化,部分城市接连遭受大型洪涝灾害。暴雨洪涝在引起媒体与公众普遍关注的同时,也给城市管理部门的防御和对策研究带来了新的难题。GIS技术在空间信息分析上的广泛应用为城市应对汛期洪涝灾害提供了新方法和新思路。     

公路滑坡防治与实例分析

通过对滑坡类型及成因的认识,采用数值模拟及相关规范规程计算,针对性的制定相应的解决措施,并通过实例来阐述治理方案的重要性,以期有效、经济、合理的解决公路上的地质灾害。