Analysis of long-term and seasonal river water quality changes in Latvia

An analysis of long-term historical records of the concentrations of major ions, TDS and nutrients for 20 river sites in Latvia is reported. Periods of water quality observations ranged from 15 to 43 years. A study of the quarterly adjusted time series showed that characteristic features of the data are non-normal distributions, seasonality, serial correlation and presence of significant trends that are mostly positive. The application of state-of-the-art software, based on non-parametric statistics such as the Seasonal Kendall slope estimator and the Seasonal Hodges-Lehmann estimator, made it possible to investigate these water quality records more accurately than other methods allow.Typical seasonal variations and concentration-discharge relationships were analyzed for different constituents. It was shown that fertilizer application and marsh land reclamation can cause widespread and intensive river water quality changes. Concentration increases of as much as 5–10 times that of background values were detected for NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, Na⁺ + K⁺ and SO₄²⁻. The main water quality changes took place in the 1960s and the early 1970s when fertilizer applications and reclamation works increased. After that, concentration increases for constituents other than NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ were statistically insignficiant. The significant increases for NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ were probably due to the additional impact of increased atmospheric deposition. The results of long-term changes of river loads entering the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga from Latvian territory are examined.     

肾病患者营养素推荐之中外指南及专家共识对比

肾脏疾病特别是慢性肾病（Chronic Kidney Disease,CKD）已成为威胁全球的公共卫生健康问题,不仅严重危害到人类健康,也带来巨大的经济和社会负担。医学营养治疗（Medical Nutritiontherapy,MNT）可延缓CKD向终末期肾病（End-Stage Renal Disease,ESRD）的进展,MNT在CKD治疗过程中具有非常重要的作用。其中,口服营养补充剂（Oral Nutritional Supplement,ONS）具有安全有效且患者依从性高等优点。当肾病患者面临经口营养摄入不足的情况,ONS是其首选人工营养方式。ONS的研发应以医学和营养学的研究结果为依据,其安全性及临床应用均需要经过科学证实。权威机构发布的指南、专家共识是ONS产品配方设计的重要依据,因此有必要对比分析中外指南和专家共识对于不同阶段肾病患者的营养素推荐,为肾病特定营养产品开发提供借鉴,推动营养相关慢性病的防治。     

上海市学龄前儿童食物过敏现况和饮食特征分析

目的 了解上海市学龄前儿童食物过敏的现状,探究食物过敏儿童的饮食习惯和食谱特征,为提出学龄前儿童食物过敏的改善措施及营养评估提供数据基础。方法 采用分层整群抽样,纳入上海市6个区(虹口区、静安区、徐汇区、闵行区、嘉定区和崇明区)15所幼儿园共5 215个3～6岁的学龄前儿童,邀请家长填写电子问卷,采集儿童人口学特征、成长环境、食物过敏和饮食习惯的信息。结果 上海市学龄前儿童经家长自报的食物过敏率为16.8%。自报过敏率最高的过敏性食物为水产品类(含鱼、虾及海鲜等),为7.2%,其次是蛋类(5.3%)、牛奶或奶制品(4.2%)、水果(2.4%)、坚果(2.1%)、豆类(0.5%)、肉类(0.5%)、面粉(0.4%)及蔬菜(0.4%)。食物过敏的儿童中,对1种、2种食物过敏的儿童分别占61.8%和24.9%。水产和水果过敏者多表现为单种食物过敏,而蛋类、牛奶和坚果食物过敏者多表现为合并两种或以上的食物过敏。与非食物过敏的儿童相比,食物过敏者总体减少了致敏食物的摄入而增加了替代性食物的摄入。结论 上海市家长自报的学龄前儿童食物过敏的比率较高。自报的过敏性食物主要集中在水产品、蛋类、牛奶或奶制...     

甜高粱茎秆汁的成分及其乙醇发酵的研究

采用原子吸收分光光度法和高效液相色谱法等技术,检测了甜高粱茎杆汁的主要成分质量浓度,包括蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖、总氮量以及若干金属元素质量浓度;采取响应面法建立尿素、MgSO4、KH2PO4、CaCl2等的加入量最优组合的二次回归数学模型。结果表明,当尿素、MgSO4、KH2PO4和CaCl2的添加量分别为8.4228、1.0938、4.1702和4.0422g/L时,乙醇发酵得率达93.18%,比优化前乙醇质量浓度提高了9.56g/L。     

硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜嫁接植株下部叶片矿质养分含量的影响

土壤培养条件下,研究缺硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种及其相互嫁接植株下部叶片硼及其它矿质养分含量的影响。结果表明,缺硼条件下,硼高效油菜品种青油10号（QY10）下部叶片硼含量最高,低效品种Bakow（Ba）最低,嫁接植株介于高效品种与低效品种之间。推断甘蓝型油菜下部叶片硼含量受根系（砧木品种）和地上部（接穗品种）共同影响。硼对油菜下部叶片其它矿质元素影响的受控部位不完全相同,缺硼对氮、磷、钙和锌的影响主要取决于地上部,与根系关系相对较小,对钾的影响主要由根系决定,而对镁、锰、铁、铜的影响不明确,可能受地上部和根系共同控制。     

Entrapment of nutrients during cholesterol removal from cream by crosslinked β-cyclodextrin

This study was designed to elucidate the quantities of nutrients entrapped during cholesterol removal from cream by crosslinked β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, 4–12%, w/v) and to evaluate the amounts of the residual β-CD in cholesterol-removed cream treated by crosslinked β-CD. The content of lactose in the control cream (without the treatment by crosslinked β-CD) was 2.74%, and the amounts of lactose entrapped by crosslinked β-CD ranged from 0.00 to 0.03%. The total amounts of the entrapped short-chain free fatty acid (FFA) and free amino acid (FAA) ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 ppm and from 0.37 to 0.48 μmol/mL, respectively. The amounts of the entrapped water-soluble vitamins (L-ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin) ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 ppm, from 0.01 to 0.05 ppm, from 0.00 to 0.04 ppm and from 0.02 to 0.05 ppm, respectively. The entrapped amounts of nutrients mentioned above were not remarkably affected by the concentrations of crosslinked β-CD (4–12%, w/v). The very small amounts of residual β-CD in the cholesterol-removed cream were measured (1.86–6.11 ppm). Based on the data obtained from the present study, it is concluded that the amounts of entrapped nutrients were negligible during cholesterol removal from cream by crosslinked β-CD, and the amounts of residual β-CD in cholesterol-removed cream were trace.     

Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from alkaline fermentation liquid of waste activated sludge and application of the fermentation liquid to promote biological municipal wastewater treatment

In previous publications we reported that by controlling the pH at 10.0 the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) during waste activated sludge (WAS) fermentation was remarkably improved [Yuan, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Jiang, S., Zhou, Q., Gu, G., 2006. Improved bioproduction of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from excess sludge under alkaline conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 2025-2029], but significant ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) and soluble ortho-phosphorus (SOP) were released [Chen, Y., Jiang, S., Yuan, H., Zhou, Q., Gu, G., 2007. Hydrolysis and acidification of waste activated sludge at different pHs. Water Res. 41, 683-689]. This paper investigated the simultaneous recovery of NH₄-N and SOP from WAS alkaline fermentation liquid and the application of the fermentation liquid as an additional carbon source for municipal wastewater biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize and model the simultaneous NH₄-N and SOP recovery from WAS alkaline fermentation liquid. Under the optimum conditions, the predicted and experimental recovery efficiency was respectively 73.4 and 75.7% with NH₄-N, and 82.0 and 83.2% with SOP, which suggested that the developed models described the experiments well. After NH₄-N and SOP recovery, the alkaline fermentation liquid was added to municipal wastewater, and the influence of volume ratio of fermentation liquid to municipal wastewater (FL/MW) on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal was investigated. The addition of fermentation liquid didn't significantly affect nitrification. Both SOP and total nitrogen (TN) removal were increased with fermentation liquid, but there was no significant increase at FL/MW greater than 1/35. Compared to the blank test, the removal efficiency of SOP and TN at FL/MW = 1/35 was improved from 44.0 to 92.9%, and 63.3 to 83.2%, respectively. The enhancement of phosphorus and nitrogen removal was mainly attributed to the increase of influent SCFA, or rather, the increase of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) which served as the carbon and energy sources for denitrification and phosphorus uptake. The addition of alkaline fermentation liquid to municipal wastewater, however, increased the effluent COD, which was caused mainly by the increase of influent humic acid, not protein or carbohydrate.     

对产甲烷细菌的分析与研究

介绍了产甲烷细菌的形态特征、生理特征、营养特征,研究了产甲烷细菌的分离,探讨了产甲烷细菌在废水处理和农村的应用,指出有必要充分利用产甲烷细菌进行废水处理以实现甲烷的资源化利用。     

Quality and nutritional value of strawberry fruit under long term salt stress

Modifications of fruit quality, in response to a long-term salt stress of four months, were studied in two strawberry cultivars differing in their sensitivity to salinity. The sensitive cv. Elsanta and the less sensitive cv. Korona were treated during two vegetation seasons with 0, 40 or 80 mmol NaCl/l in the nutrient solution. While mean fruit weight decreased, dry matter and contents of total soluble carbohydrates, as well as sweetness index of fruits, remained constant. Salt stress in both cultivars increased the antioxidant capacity, antioxidants pools (ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, superoxide dismutase) and selected minerals such as Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, N, P and Zn²⁺, as well as lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, salt stress increased the contents of free and essential amino acids, especially in cv. Elsanta. The more tolerant cv. Korona was characterized by an increase of reduced glutathione and a better fruit taste. In salt-stressed fruits of cv. Elsanta, taste was significantly impaired.     

稻谷储藏过程中主要营养素变化的研究进展

稻谷是一种重要的食粮和工业原料,储藏期间,在酶和微生物作用下稻谷的生理生化特征发生改变,使得稻谷的品质劣变,导致稻谷营养价值和食用品质降低.系统介绍了稻谷储藏过程中主要营养素变化以及与食用品质关系的研究进展.