炼油工业:市场的变化与技术对策

经济新常态下,中国主要成品油消费仍呈增长趋势,汽油和煤油刚性需求增长较快,而柴油需求增速大幅减少,市场需求的柴/汽比明显下降。环保压力增大,国Ⅴ柴油标准和国Ⅴ汽油标准相继推出,油品质量升级步伐必须加快。乙烷制乙烯技术的大规模市场化使石脑油蒸汽裂解生产低碳烯烃受到挑战,开发具有竞争力的丙烯生产技术受到关注。面对市场的变化,为更加高效、清洁地利用宝贵的石油资源,为满足市场需求多产汽油和喷气燃料,为提供更具竞争力的丙烯等基本化工原料,炼油研发部门近年来主动积极地开发一系列新的关键技术,包括更高效的固定床渣油加氢技术(RHT)、多产轻质油的催化裂化蜡油选择性加氢与选择性FCC集成技术(IHCC)、第三代催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术(RSDS-Ⅲ)、柴油超深度加氢脱硫技术(RTS)、催化柴油加氢裂化生产高辛烷值汽油技术(RLG)、低压喷气燃料加氢RHSS技术、多产化工原料的催化丙烯技术(SHMP)。这些技术或技术组合将对支撑未来炼油工业的发展和应对市场变化发挥重要作用。     

地闪梯级先导电场波形特征研究

为研究地闪梯级先导电场波形特征,采用偶极子法结合衰减函数计算了有限大地电导率下不同距离处、不同梯级先导底部高度条件下的电场波形特征.计算结果表明:当观测点距离先导通道较近时,电场峰值随着先导通道底部高度的增大而减小;随着观测点和先导通道距离的增大,梯级先导通道底部高度对电场的影响逐步减小.对于给定高度的先导通道,其对应的电场峰值随着观测点和先导通道距离的增加,峰值先变大而后变小随着电导率的减小,先导电场波形上升时间明显增加,电场峰值衰减加快.     

Evaluating Land Surface Changes of Makassar City Using DInSAR and Landsat Thematic Mapper Images

Urban growth has been a major issue in environmental monitoring and changes occurred on land surfaces have been monitored by applying remote sensing as well as ground measurement. Most major cities in the world have experienced land subsidence phenomena on some parts of them due to the load of development and modernization. Excessive extraction of groundwater for the needs of industry has led to the condition where the water table drops, and this can possibly trigger subsidence, as observed in Indonesian cities. In this study the authors have shown that the application of DInSAR （differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar） technique using Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-I Synthetic Aperture Radar JERS-I SAR data can reveal subsidence conditions in the studied Makassar city area. Landsat TM （thematic mapper） images were used to evaluate the change of land cover during the observation period of 1994-1999. Makassar is fiat, covered mainly by alluvium deposit that is vulnerable to the load of constructions, and volcanic formations which is porous and will easily be degraded by groundwater extraction. It is found that mostly the subsidence has occurred in the western part of the city, including the industrial district, reclamation area, trading center area and the seaport area. The ground survey has indicated that high human activity exists in every point of subsidence. It is likely that various human activities such as ground water pumping and construction work should have affected the local subsidence phenomena in Makassar, as in the case of other large-scale cities in Indonesia.     

现代黄河三角洲湿地生态服务功能价值评估研究

确定了利用高分辨率影像对现代黄河三角洲湿地这种小尺度区域生态系统服务功能进行价值评估的技术体系,并在该体系的指导下,开展了现代黄河三角洲湿地生态服务功能价值评估的研究。首先获取了2004年和2009年现代黄河三角洲的湿地景观格局,并分析其动态变化。在此基础上,对2004年和2009年现代黄河三角洲湿地各种生态服务功能价值分别估算,并从价值构成和空间分布上对其进行了分析,分析得出物质生产功能和营养物质循环功能是研究区主要生态服务功能,其价值分别占总价值的25.22%和22.57%;而从空间上来看,整个研究区湿地生态系统服务功能价值总体的分布趋势是从内陆到浅海方向逐渐增大,芦苇-沼泽草甸湿地分布区的生态服务功能价值总体上高于其他区域。基于以上分析结果,进一步分析研究区生态服务功能价值的变化情况,得出从2004年～2009年总价值由100.30亿元减少到96.59亿元,其中除了物质生产功能价值处于增长的趋势,其余各项生态服务功能价值均有不同程度的减少;芦苇沼泽-草甸湿地的生态服务功能价值的变化最大,5年间减少了6.48亿元。     

Managing project changes: Case studies on stage iteration and functional interaction

This paper investigates project changes and their relationships with stage iteration and multi-functional interaction. Changes often occur in a complex solution-based project, which makes the linear management model limited in its application. Complex project planning is based on assumptions about future events. Assumptions often fail and as a result the plans contain activities that are impossible or unnecessary to execute. The consistency of project planning needs to be restored and maintained by revising or redefining project activities.     

La-Ca-Co-Zn 掺杂M型锶铁氧体的相变过程和磁性能研究

采用陶瓷法制备La-Ca-Co-Zn 掺杂的M型锶铁氧体Sr0.3La0.3Ca0.4Fe10.625Co0.225Zn0.1O19。使用高温X射线衍射仪、振动样品磁强计、热分析、和扫描电子显微镜等对Sr0.3La0.3Ca0.4Fe10.625Co0.225Zn0.1O19 在25°C 到1450°C的相变过程进行了分析,并且讨论了其磁性能。实验结果表明：La-Ca-Co-Zn 掺杂的M型六方铁氧体的形成主要分为两个部分,在大概700℃左右,SrCO3 和Fe2O3先反应生成中间相Sr3Fe2O7-d,然后Sr3Fe2O7-d再和剩下的Fe2O3反应生成M相,并且Sr3Fe2O7-d中的Fe离子化合价与温度有关;随着温度升高,La3+, Ca2+, Co2+ 和 Zn2+开始逐渐溶入中间相或者随后生成的M相中,且在M相中分布均匀;和高温射线衍射仪检测结果不同的是在700℃左右退火时,得到了钙钛矿相;在1200℃烧结,可以得到单一程度很高的M相,但有少量的第二相存在,第二相的存在有利于提高烧结致密度;当烧结温度为1380℃时,铁氧体开始分解;Sr0.3La0.3Ca0.4Fe10.625Co0.225Zn0.1O19 铁氧体粉末退磁曲线的矩形度要低于SrFeO12的退磁曲线矩形度。     

人民币汇率变动对中国煤炭进口影响的实证研究

以2010年1月至2015年3月间的月度数据作为研究对象,在ADF单位根检验、自相关检验、协整检验的基础上,用广义差分法建立变量间长期稳定均衡关系,并建立表示变量间短期均衡关系的误差修正模型,实证分析人民币名义汇率的变动是否会对中国煤炭进口额产生影响以及产生怎样的影响。实证分析结果表明:人民币升值会导致中国煤炭进口额增加,中国煤炭价格指数上升长期会使中国进口更多的煤炭,代表中国经济发展水平的中国制造业采购经理指数也会影响中国煤炭进口,但影响不显著。     

Relationship Between Oil Uptake and Water Content During Deep-Fat Frying of Potato Particulates Under Isothermal Temperature

The purpose of this study is to correlate water content and oil uptake with the structural changes of potato particulates during deep-fat frying. Raw potato particulates were sliced to form cylinders of 0.006 m diameter × 0.006 m length and subjected to deep-fat frying at isothermal oil temperatures of 160, 190 and 220 °C. The microstructure properties were assessed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Previous results showed that a simultaneous two first-order kinetic model adequately predicted water loss of potato particulates during isothermal frying. In this study, a simple rational model with two parameters in which regression squared (Rsqr) reaches 0.983 shows that oil uptake can be expressed by water content. The cross-sectional structure of potato particulates observed using FESEM is different from the surface structure. Regardless of the frying temperature, pores not only become larger but also increase in number after the transition time. The observations of structural changes at the surface and inner section of potato particulates through the pictures of FESEM are critical. This physical evidence supports our previous assumption that the mechanisms of water loss (two-stage rate processes) before and after transition time are different.