Open-cell polyvinylidene fluoride foams as carriers to promote biofilm growth for biological wastewater treatment

This article reports the design and fabrication of open-cell polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) foams as carriers that can promote biofilm growth and organic removal efficiency for biological wastewater treatment in attached growth bioreactors. Open-cell PVDF foams were fabricated by a manufacturing approach that integrated compression molding and particulate leaching. PVDF carriers were structured with two governing factors of leaching agent types (e.g., sodium chloride [NaCl] and sodium acetate [NaOAc]) and contents (e.g., 80 and 90 wt%). Open-cell PVDF foams possessed high porosity and high protected surface area (i.e., more than ×10 to ×20 of the areas of commercialized carriers), which promoted biofilm growth in these carriers. As a successful advantage, PVDF carriers used in the moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) were entirely covered by biofilm in both interior and exterior parts without clogging. This provides strong evidence of the bacterial compatibility of the fabricated open-cell PVDF foam carriers. Moreover, the specific morphology of the PVDF carriers in this article provided superior biofilm protection from the detachment in MBBR. Experimental results revealed that PVDF open-cell foams fabricated by 80 wt% of NaCl demonstrated higher mechanical strength with an organic removal efficiency of 77% ± 7% in the corresponding bioreactor containing them.     

Effect of processing techniques and residual solvent on the thermal/mechanical properties of epoxy-cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites

Epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with 0–5 wt% cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) were fabricated by solution casting method. The CNCs were first dispersed in the hardener together with a co-solvent and subsequently mixed with epoxy monomer using two different protocols: bulk mixing and dropwise mixing. The dropwise mixing resulted in more homogeneously-dispersed CNCs and provided better mechanical properties, particularly higher tensile strength, tensile modulus, and work of fracture with increasing CNC content. Investigation of various CNC/hardener mixtures with different solvent content showed that the residual solvent in the composite mixture had an impact on the curing behavior of the nanocomposite epoxy and may have lowered its crosslinking density, leading to T_g depression. However, the presence of the solvent was shown to be essential for the preparation of a well-dispersed CNC phase in the hardener solution, and to form homogenous composite mixtures. Our results show that the reinforcement effect due to higher CNC concentration is more significant than the solvent effect in the hardener system and shows greater improvement in mechanical properties. The CNC component reversed the solvent plasticizing effect through its superior mechanical reinforcing effects, and the dropwise mixing process led to better dispersion compared with the bulk mixing process.     

基于深度强化学习的激励型需求响应决策优化模型

随着中国电力市场化改革的推进,售电侧市场逐步开放,售电商可以聚合大量的分散负荷参与电力市场环境下的需求响应.文中提出以售电商和用户综合收益最大化为目标的基于深度强化学习的激励型需求响应建模和求解方法.首先,建立售电商和用户的需求响应模型,通过引入时间-价格弹性,改进现有的用户响应模型,考虑用户对相邻时段补贴价格差的反应.然后,基于马尔可夫决策过程框架构建补贴价格决策优化模型,并设计基于深度Q学习网络的求解算法.最后,以1个售电商和3个不同类型的用户为例进行仿真计算,通过分析算法收敛性和对比不同模型及参数下的优化结果,验证了改进模型的合理性和生成策略的有效性,并分析了激励型需求响应对售电商以及用户的影响.     

ACTIFLO高密度沉淀池应用于污水厂升级改造

为保障出水TP、SS含量及出水稳定性,某污水处理厂在升级改造中新增深度处理工艺——ACTIFLO高密度沉淀池,通过实验室小试和生产性实验优化运行管理,并考察了ACTIFLO高密度沉淀池突发性应急能力。结果表明,高密度沉淀池对TP和SS具有高效稳定的去除效果,出水TP的质量浓度平均达到0.2 mg/L以下,浊度达到1 NTU,出水TP和SS优于GB 18918—2002的一级A标准。对突发性进水水质突变也有较好的抗冲击能力,但整体系统对PAC和PAM的依赖性较高,任意一种药剂断药时间超过1 h,现场出水变浑浊,需密切注意出水的浊度并做好药剂保障工作。可为国内污水厂处理厂升级改造提供参考。     

河北某化工园区污水深度处理工艺设计

针对河北省某化工园区二级生物处理出水可生化性差、难降解物质多、色度较高、氨氮超标的特点,进行深度处理工艺设计,经方案比选,采用"电絮凝+溶气气浮+臭氧催化氧化+曝气生物滤池(BAF)"组合工艺。在调试期内,调节臭氧投加比(ρ(O3)/COD)至2.1,出水COD保持60 mg/L以下,去除率30%以上,满足工艺设计要求。经过1年的稳定运行表明,该园区深度处理出水COD不高于45 mg/L,SS、NH₄⁺-N的质量浓度均小于5 mg/L,满足GB18918-2002的一级A标准。     

基于深度强化学习的风电场储能系统预测决策一体化调度

风电场储能系统的优化控制可以提高风电场作为发电商在电力市场中的竞争力。文中提出基于深度强化学习的储能系统预测决策一体化调度方法,令高维度的风电场原始测量数据直接驱动储能系统。与预测、决策相分离的传统调度模式相比,预测决策一体化调度模式将风电功率预测与储能系统动作决策相融合,避免了预测阶段中有效决策信息的损失,使风电的随机规律无须通过数学假设等方式被人为刻画,避免了建模误差。其次,引入深度强化学习Rainbow算法优化风电场测量数据与储能系统动作指令之间端到端的控制策略,该策略具备动态统筹多时段系统收益的能力。最后,基于风电场历史数据的算例分析,验证了所提一体化调度模式的优越性和深度强化学习应对不确定性问题的有效性。     

电石渣在燃煤电厂脱硫工艺中的应用研究进展

近年来,电石渣在燃煤电厂干法脱硫工艺的应用中取得了较多进展,但在湿法脱硫的应用中仍存在消溶特性差、亚硫酸钙氧化率低、石膏脱水困难等诸多问题,导致其难以大规模推广。本文从电石渣的理化性质出发,分析了孔隙结构、反应温度、Ca/S摩尔比对脱硫效率的影响,并探讨了电石渣作为脱硫剂对循环流化床锅炉效率及运行的影响,结合电石渣的消溶特性、浆液氧化特性及石膏脱水特性,分析了电石渣在湿法脱硫工艺应用中存在的问题,提出了一种以电石渣为原料,利用燃煤机组再生水深度处理系统生产石灰石浆液的工艺路线,并在2×660MW超超临界燃煤机组再生水深度处理系统中进行了可行性试验,当Ca(OH)₂纯度≥95%时,合理的污泥掺配比例区间为50%~70%,所产石膏达到了二级石膏的品质要求。     

基于固态成型工艺聚合物基复合材料自增强技术研究进展

针对当前聚合物实际强度远低于理论强度的问题,介绍了固态挤出、固态拉伸等自增强技术的制备流程及其工艺特点。此外,通过分析固态形变过程中试样内部的微观形貌与分子构型,进一步研究聚合物基复合材料固态加工过程中的自增强机理。最后,通过归纳总结影响试样增强效果的因素,进一步探索聚合物基复合材料的性能上限,拓宽其在不同领域的高性能化应用。     

硫酸装置尾气处理改造生产实践

介绍了南化公司2#、3#硫酸尾气处理装置的运行情况及改造实践。针对尾气处理装置存在的副产品难于处理、尾气排放指标达不到特别排放限值、维护成本高等问题,对比了4种硫酸尾气治理工艺的优劣性,结合装置自身特点,确定了采用钠碱法加2级电除雾器工艺对该脱硫系统进行改造。改造后尾气脱硫系统排放SO2质量浓度控制在200 mg/m³以下、硫酸雾质量浓度在5 mg/m³以下,满足《硫酸工业污染物排放标准》排放限值的要求,且硫酸装置尾气脱硫系统实现了与主装置同步稳定运行。     

形变与热处理对CuCr合金中Cr相形貌及合金性能的影响

研究了CuCr合金在不同形变与热处理制度下，组织中Cr相形貌、合金力学性能及导电性能的变化。结果表明：当变形量达到70％时，合金中的Cr粒子产生严重的变形，且有开裂现象。在随后高温热处理过程中开裂的Cr粒子发生熔断和球化。适当的形变与热处理能改善CuCr合金的力学性能与导电性能，并从微观组织方面对其原因进行了分析。