合成孔径光学成像系统与图像复原技术

结合信息光学理论知识与合成孔径系统的基本成像原理,得出了三种类型子孔径排布方式下的光学调制传递函数(MTF)分布,分析其成像特性;利用MATLAB软件在不同孔径排布情况下模拟其成像退化结果;采用最大似然的R--L复原方法对成像结果分别进行复原。根据计算机理论模拟的结果,该方法有较好的复原效果,图像的清晰度有所改善,一些细节系信息也有所完善;其中三臂型的清晰度最好,复原结果最佳。     

融合邻域回归和稀疏表示的图像超分辨率重构

对于图像超分辨率重建而言,通常会将图像的整体信息作为研究对象。然而图像本身含有的大量结构信息并没有得到充分利用。为了提高超分辨率重建的效果,实现对不同特征信息的利用,提出了一种融合邻域回归和稀疏表示的图像超分辨率重构算法。依据图像所具有的低秩性对高分辨率图像进行分解,获得高分辨率图像的低秩部分和稀疏部分;将对应的低分辨率图像与高分辨率图像的低秩部分和稀疏部分进行训练,学习得到对应的特征字典;基于高分辨率图像的低秩部分和稀疏部分分别基于稀疏表示和邻域嵌入进行高分辨率重构;基于低秩矩阵恢复理论,融合邻域回归和稀疏表示重构的高分辨率图像,得到最终的高分辨率图像。在测试集Set5和Set14上将提出的算法与几种经典算法进行对比实验,可视化和量化结果均表明,相比传统超分辨率算法,提出的算法在PSNR和SSIM都有很好的提升。     

城市历史水系修复规划思路与策略研究——以长春市为例

随着近年来城市水系治理和旧城更新、历史文化复兴的开展,城市历史水系的修复越来越受到各界的关注,如何使历史水系修复与规划设计体系相结合已然成为重要议题。借助于文献综述、历史地图分析、案例的实际应用等方法展开研究,并提出了城市历史水系修复的规划目标、指标和实施途径,以及水系修复项目的工作流程。在此基础上,以长春市老城区为例,对"一纵五横"历史水系的演变过程和现状进行了调研与评估,通过基于水系留存率、内涝黑臭、遗产保留状况等方面情况来确定水系的修复工程时序,提出了治理内涝黑臭、强化水系格局、盘活滨水空间及加强公众参与的修复策略。论文研究成果可为中国其他地区及历史文化名城的水系修复提供一定的参考。     

长江生态航道技术研究进展与展望

建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的千年大计,流域经济发展要将生态保护摆在压倒性位置。系统分析了生态航道的发展历程和研究现状,重点阐述了长江生态航道技术在理论框架与评价体系、生态航道建设技术、生态监测与修复补偿方法3方面取得的重要进展和突破,并对长江生态航道技术在几个大型航道整治工程中的应用实践进行了概述,最后结合长江生态航道技术研究进展与实践,指出了未来长江生态航道技术的发展方向。     

Biomic river restoration: A new focus for river management

River management based solely on physical science has proven to be unsustainable and unsuccessful, evidenced by the fact that the problems this approach intended to solve (e.g., flood hazards, water scarcity, and channel instability) have not been solved and long‐term deterioration in river environments has reduced the capacity of rivers to continue meeting the needs of society. In response, there has been a paradigm shift in management over the past few decades, towards river restoration. But the ecological, morphological, and societal benefits of river restoration have, on the whole, been disappointing. We believe that this stems from the fact that restoration overrelies on the same physical analyses and approaches, with flowing water still regarded as the universally predominant driver of channel form and structural intervention seen as essential to influencing fluvial processes. We argue that if river restoration is to reverse long‐standing declines in river functions, it is necessary to recognize the influence of biology on river forms and processes and re‐envisage what it means to restore a river. This entails shifting the focus of river restoration from designing and constructing stable channels that mimic natural forms to reconnecting streams within balanced and healthy biomes, and so levering the power of biology to influence river processes. We define this new approach as biomic river restoration.     

Restoring Murray River floodplain wetlands: Does the sediment record inform on watering regime?

The floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Darling Basin (MDB) have been subject to the impacts of catchment and water resource development for more than a century. Their current degraded state is attributed to the regulation of the rivers and abstraction of water volume for irrigation. The MDB Plan is to return at least 2,750 Gl of mean annual flow to the system to restore the condition of waterways. Considerable recent investment in infrastructure enables water to be released into the basin's floodplain wetlands. The proposed watering regime is underpinned by modelling that suggests that, before regulation, overbank flows would have occurred regularly as discharge peaked in winter and spring. Sediment cores have been extracted from over 50 floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Basin. Those from several, large meander wavelength billabongs extend for 1,000–5,000 years suggesting that these sites were permanently inundated over that time. Others extend to ~200 years and are presumed not to have accumulated sediment until more recently. The records of most wetlands, however, only extend to the onset of river regulation in the 1920s, suggesting that before then they were not inundated for sufficient duration for net accumulation to occur. Preserved diatoms suggest that the shallow, plant‐dominated wetlands of the past have transitioned to deep, turbid water systems today. As rivers are identified as a source of sediment to wetlands, less regular inundation, rather than more, is a viable option in restoring the ecological function of these floodplain wetlands and in slowing sediment infill.     

祁连山北麓牧区植被生长季不同等级降水时空变化特征

以祁连山北麓肃南县牧区为研究区,选取周边7个气象站1961-2016年的日降水资料,采用气候倾向率、Hurst指数、Mann-Kendall检验和反距离加权插值等方法,对肃南县植被生长季降水的时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明:肃南县植被生长季降水量和降水强度距平百分率趋势显著增加,而降水日数增加趋势不显著;植被生长季降水量和降水强度在1998年发生显著突变,而降水日数无显著突变;植被生长季降水以小雨为主,中雨降水变异系数较大,但近年来趋于稳定上升状态;植被生长季降水日数和降水强度在空间上呈东南多西北少,小雨降水分布与其分布类似,而中雨强度呈南少北多的空间分布差异;小雨对肃南县植被生长季降水量贡献较大,但近年来中雨比小雨增加明显,降水时空分布呈不均衡发展趋势。     

Analysis of the impact of coal mining on the ecological environment of the nature reserve

With the gradual attention of the state to the protection of natural ecological environment, the planning and layout of the nature reserve will overlap with some coal mine areas. In order to strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, it is necessary to study the impact of mining on the ecological environment of the nature reserve. Through the methods of GIS and RS, and evaluation o f ecological protection index system, the differences and impacts of ecological environment changes before and after the planning of the nature reserve are analyzed. The results show that since 2002, the effect of water collection and artificial soil and water conservation measures on improving the ecological environment of vegetation are obvious, the dominant species of vegetation type in the overlapping area of coal mine and nature reserve have changed from grass vegetation to shrub vegetation, inwhich the area of arbor forest land has increased significantly, the veetationcoverage in the overlapping area has also increased considerably . The intensity of soil erosion has decreased year by year after mining the coal resources. Postharvest hydraulic erosion intensity is mainly below mild, and the area of artificial soil and water conservation has increased significantly. T he negative impact of the ground subsidence caused by coal mining on the ecological environment is less than the positive effect brought by artificial soil and waterconservation measures, and it is generally developing in a more stable direction. The ecological protection status index increased fr om 32. 98 to 45.94, and the change degree of ecological protection status in nature reserves is 12.9 ≥10. T he ecological protection status of the nature reserve improved significantly. On the basis of ecological environment protection and restoration measures in the nature reserve, coal mines need to further study the comprehensive impact of human activitieson the ecological environment of the nature reserve.     

渭北西部中奥陶统碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及古环境恢复

通过对渭北西部中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩C、O同位素和微量元素的测试分析和对C、O同位素原始性的评估与校正,分析该地区马家沟期的古环境。对古沉积环境的盐度、温度、气候及氧化还原性进行了定性与定量分析。分别采用公式法与最小二乘法对古温度与古气候进行了定量分析,并比较其差异,研究认为综合这2种算法可有效反映古环境的气候与温度等信息。     

新疆准东煤田五彩湾露天矿区植被受损分析

通过评估和分析露天煤矿开采区内植被受损状况,可以为露天煤矿开采区环境监测与评估,以及矿区环境恢复和治理提供信息支撑,促进矿区经济和环境协调发展具有重要意义。选择新疆准东煤田五彩湾露天矿区为研究对象,利用2006—2011年的Landsat TM遥感图像提取研究区植被覆盖度,统计不同年份不同等级植被覆盖面积,分析不同等级植被覆盖面积随时间的变化规律,以及变化速度和变化幅度。结果表明:2006—2011年,低等级指标即Ⅰ级植被的覆盖面积逐年增加,Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级植被覆盖面积逐年减少,高等级植被即Ⅳ级植覆盖面积较小且变化幅度不大,表明研究区域内植被整体状况逐渐恶化;距煤矿开采区越近,对植被的影响越大,植被覆盖面积变化速度越快,植被受损的程度也越严重。