黄河下游河湾平面参数特性及其实验研究

以黄河下游,尤其是游荡型河段的研究资料为背景,通过模型试验,在分析河势变化过程的基础上,运用数学统计与理论探讨,研究了不同水沙条件下河湾中心角、河湾半径和河湾跨度的变化趋势,初步揭示了随水沙、比降条件的改变,河势的变化过程,总结出河流在边界条件改变后河势演变的特点,对预测河道演变趋势,有效地河道整治具有一定的意义。     

Sensitivity of juvenile salmonid growth to future climate trends

Seasonal temperature and bioenergetic models were coupled to explore the impacts on juvenile salmonid growth of possible climate‐induced changes to mean annual water temperature and snowpack in four characteristic ecoregions. Increasing mean temperature increases juvenile growth in streams that currently experience cool spring temperatures. In streams with currently warm spring temperatures, an increase shortens the duration of optimal conditions and truncates growth. A loss of snow enhances growth in cool‐summer streams and decreases growth in warm‐summer streams. The relative impacts of such climate change trends will vary significantly across ecoregions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Sanaga discharge at the Edea Catchment outlet (Cameroon): An example of hydrologic responses of a tropical rain‐fed river system to changes in precipitation and groundwater inputs and to flow regulation

The Sanaga River is one of Sub‐Saharan Africa's largest and greatly regulated rivers. Available flow data for this hydrosystem largely cover the pre‐ and post‐regulation periods. From comparisons between unregulated (hypothetical) and observed scenarios, it has been possible to separate and to quantify hydro‐climatic (groundwater + rainfall) change effects from anthropogenic impacts (especially dam‐related alterations). To appreciate shifts in the river regime, discontinuity detection tests and the IHA model were applied to discharge data series reflecting average and extreme flow conditions, respectively. Results obtained principally from the Hubert segmentation method reveal that a major discontinuity occurred in 1970–1971 separating a surplus phase between 1945–1946 and 1969–1970, and a deficient and much contrasted one, from 1971/1972. This implies that the Sanaga catchment is dominantly affected by hydro‐climatic changes. However, wide land cover/land use changes experienced here since 1988 have resulted in an increase in surface runoff. Additional quickflows linked to these changes may have partly compensated for the substantial decline in the dry season rainfall and groundwater inputs observed from this date. Although at the monthly scale, dam‐related impacts on average flows increase with stage of regulation, the seasonal variability of the river regime remains generally unaffected. A comparison of the IHA statistics, calculated from unregulated and observed streamflow data, show that hydrologic shifts occurring in maximum and minimum discharges are mostly significant from 1971/1972 and are mainly due to the action of dams. Minimum flows appear, however, widely impacted, thus reflecting the prime objective assigned to the existing reservoirs, constructed to supplement flows for hydroelectricity production during the dry season. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca²⁺ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na⁺, Cl^?, SO, Mg²⁺ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L^?1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L^?1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于工作流和数理统计的引供水事故应急预案系统

针对引供水工程中如何预防事故和提高事故处理能力的问题,研究并提出了基于面向服务和工作流模型的自动化事故应急预案系统,实现事故的早期侦测、智能诊断和处理流程的自动化、规范化.在已发生的各种事故处理信息的基础上,通过数理统计模型对单个事故预案的各个步骤以及全局事故的险情种类、时间、地域等各个属性进行统计、分析、挖掘,得出预案自优化和事故预防的建议报告,实现事故预警和处理中的决策支持.     

广蓄B厂调相压水周期过长探讨及改进

分析了广州蓄能水电厂B厂由于高压气机及高压气系统效率降低导致调相压水周期过长,无法及时转入抽水调相（CP）工况运行的原因。通过处理压水管路漏气点、高压气机漏气、漏油点及将备用高压气机投入运行的技术改造,提高了高压气系统运行效率,满足及时启动CP工况的系统要求。该技术改造缩短单次CP启动高压气机运行时间,实现了高压气系统节能运行,具有一定工程有效性。     

水电机组一次调频性能评价探讨

针对水电机组一次调频现状,对一次调频的调节死区、负荷限幅等参数进行了分析,对一次调频的动态响应速度和稳定性等评价指标进行了探讨,给出了水电机组一次调频调节死区、负荷限幅、动态响应速度及响应稳定性的修改建议,并对出力保证系数这一指标阐述了新的考核方法。     

水利施工企业的成本管理现状与对策

面对竞争日益激烈的现状,水利施工企业加强项目成本管理是必然的选择.但多年来成本管理粗放一直是困扰企业的重要问题,导致企业总体效益不理想,利润较低.本文指出了水利施工企业目前在成本管理过程中存在的主要问题,从组织措施、技术措施等方面提出了一些解决问题的对策.     

校区集中临时高压消防给水系统工程实践分析

基于为取得最佳经济效益和社会效益考虑,新校区建筑群的消防设计采用区域集中临时高压消防给水系统。对此结合实际分析区域集中临时高压消防给水系统的优缺点,结果表明,该消防系统有利于统筹建设,便于管理和节省基建投资。     

层次分析法在太湖典型区域污染物总量分配中的应用

在公平性、有效性、可持续性等原则的指导下,考虑水污染物总量分配的社会、经济、环境等整体效益,兼顾各区域间的实际差异,以及各项评价指标的相对重要性,用层次分析法构造水污染物排放总量分配的层次结构模型,把求得的各分区相对于区域允许排污总量这一总目标的权重之比,作为各分区允许排污量之比,然后按此比例在各分区间进行排污总量分配。将该方法应用于太湖流域典型区域(常州市武进区)水污染物排放总量分配。结果表明:本文提出的分配方法,可以克服等比例分配的不公平性,并且兼顾各分区间的实际差异,是一种较理想的分配方法,为制定科学合理的总量方案提供了一种新思路。