土壤动物体表及仿生复合涂层的润湿性

用电镜观察了土壤动物的典型体有形态，从理论上分析了土壤动物非光体表能降低体表润湿性及减少土壤粘附的机制，据此研制的触土部件仿生复合涂层，在磨料磨损条件下能有 形成类似于土壤动物体表非光滑形态，使其表面润润性明显降低，具有粘降阻的功能。     

Reproductive success of the interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) in relation to hydrology on the Lower Mississippi River

The annual hydrograph of large rivers, including flood pulses and low‐flow periods, is believed to play a primary role in the productivity of biota associated with these ecosystems. We investigated the relationship between river hydrology and Interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) reproductive success on the Lower Mississippi River from April to July 1986–1993. The number of fledglings produced per adult pair was negatively correlated with July mean (r=?0.95, p=0.0004) and July maximum river elevation (r=?0.97, p=0.0001), but no other aspects of river hydrology were related to tern reproduction. Low‐water elevations in July may benefit least tern reproductive success by increasing sand island area or the area of shallow‐water habitat that surrounds islands. Loss of deep‐water habitats in conjunction with an increase in shallow habitat during stage decreases may concentrate fish prey in shallow‐water habitats and backwater areas, thereby increasing food availability during chick‐rearing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

羊毛的等离子体刻蚀改性探讨EI

运用等离子体刻蚀方法对羊毛纤维、纱线及织物进行改性处理。结果表明:这种改性方法对于改善羊毛的抗静电性和导电性,提高羊毛纤维的吸湿性和防缩绒性,尤其是对改善毛纱的强力,具有积极的作用。实验发现,毛织物的等离子体刻蚀处理,有助于织物硬挺度和丰满度的改善和增加织物的表面摩擦作用。作者认为等离子体刻蚀改性处理具有一定的实用意义。     

用溶胶－凝胶法在碳纤维表面涂覆Al2O3

本文研究用溶胶-凝胶方法在碳纤维表面涂覆Al₂O₃,的工艺对涂层性能、结构及对纤维强度、抗氧化性能等的影响。结果表明:所配溶胶质量好,涂覆工艺合适,可在纤维表面得到均匀、连续的Al₂O₃,涂层;该涂层不仅改善了纤维的抗氧化性能,而且还能保持纤维原有的强度;改善与熔铝的润湿性,为复合材料的制备提供方便。     

城市化与城市水文学面临的问题

随着经济社会的快速发展,目前我国正处在城镇化快速发展的时期,由此引发的城市水问题愈发突出,相关研究需求也愈加迫切.本文初步分析了城市化对降水和极端暴雨、流域产汇流规律及洪水、需水、供水及水资源保障、水质水环境及水生态系统等方面的影响.在分析城市水文效应的基础上,从学科发展和应用的角度,提出了当前城市水文学需要重点研究的问题,如城市极端暴雨的成因分析、城市暴雨洪水计算方法、城市雨洪资源化应用方法和关键技术等.     

引水式电站减水河段最小生态需水量研究

河道具有栖息地、输送、源汇、水分涵养、水体净化、生物多样性保护、景观等多种生态环境服务功能。引水式电站的开发与建设,在促进当地经济社会发展的同时,也对减水河段生态系统的动态平衡产生一定的影响。确保减水河段最小生态需水量是维持河道生态系统不受破坏的关键。在综述国内外研究进展的基础上,从生态水文学原理出发,对引水式电站减水河段最小生态需水量的内涵进行了探讨,介绍了相应的计算方法。并对此类电站减水河段环境影响评价提出了建议。     

Psychophysical determination of moisture perception in high-performance shirt fabrics in relationtosweating level

Perceived moisture in shirt fabrics was determined using psychophysical methods and objectively measured moisture absorption behaviours. Four shirt fabrics were assessed: cotton; regular polyester; high-performance polyester; ahigh-performance polyester/polypropylene blend. After a screening test, six of 10 female subjects participated inthe determination of difference thresholds (DLs) for moisture perception. Low and high amounts of sweat were simulated using 0.5 and 1.5 ml of standard stimuli (St), respectively. The results showed that the different threshold values were affected by the amount of sweat due to the characteristic absorption behaviour of the different fabrics. At St = 0.5 ml, cotton showed the largest difference threshold (DL₁ = 0.257 ml); it also had the highest initial absorption rate. With the high level of simulated sweat (St = 1.5 ml), the high-performance polyester, which had thehighest wicking rate at 30–70% of its maximum absorption capacity, had the largest DL (DL₂ = 0.543 ml). Thesedata indicate that cotton and high-performance polyester provide better moisture comfort in low and heavy sweat situations, respectively. The results suggest the possibility of using the psychophysical method as a tool to predict the end-use-specific performance of functional textiles when traditional subjective ratings fail.

Statement of Relevance: Since the moisture management behaviour of high-tech and conventional fabrics may differ, the moisture comfort ofhigh-performance fabrics cannot be predicted using existing subjective rating methods. The feasibility ofincorporating psychophysical human factors into the end-use-specific performance evaluation of high-performance textiles was examined to help develop and optimise their comfort level.     

气候变化对区域水循环系统影响的研究进展

简述了国内外在气候变化给水文水资源系统带来影响这一问题上的研究进展,着重分析了研究气候变化对水资源影响的几类模拟方法及各模型的优缺点,并指出了研究、模拟过程中亟待解决的一些问题.     

壳聚糖膜的制备及其表面浸润性

采用流延法,通过调节壳聚糖溶液的质量分数制备表面结构不同的壳聚糖膜,并通过扫描电子显微镜和静态接触角测定仪对膜表面形貌及浸润性进行了研究。结果表明,壳聚糖溶液的质量分数是壳聚糖膜表面形貌的重要影响因素。在壳聚糖溶液的质量分数由2%增至8%条件下,所制备的壳聚糖膜的表面结构从有较强立体层次感的簇状凸起逐渐变得层次感降低,纹路密集,并出现很多紧密排列的小颗粒;膜表面的浸润性发生细微变化,在空气中均表现为既亲水又亲油的特性,而在水中油滴的表面接触角平均高达150°以上,即达到超疏油性。     

铝模板诱导玻璃的光学及润湿性能

为了提高玻璃的透过率,减小其接触角,采用铝诱导方法,用磁控溅射仪在玻璃表面制备铝膜,铝膜经不同温度退火成为铝颗粒,铝颗粒与玻璃反应,脱除氧化铝和残余铝后制得陷光结构.借助SEM、紫外-可见分光光度计、接触角仪等,研究了铝薄膜退火温度对玻璃表面陷光结构、光学性能、润湿性能的影响.结果表明:通过调整铝薄膜的退火温度,制备了不同的陷光结构,150℃退火样品在480~680 nm波长内透过率达到94%,200℃退火样品的表面接触角减小为8.6°.