乳液聚合导致一种新的转相过程

借助电导率仪、光学显微镜和亚微粒子分析仪等测试手段。研究了乳液聚合导致一种新的转相过程,并用于八甲基环四硅氧烷的聚合中。研究表明:体系以 W/O 相态开始,单体由连续相向水相(分散相)内的胶束中扩散并发生聚合反应,形成 O/W/O 复合乳液。反应过程中连续相体积不断减小,分散相(O/W 复相)体积不断增大,当达到某一临界相比时,体系发生转相,转相后乳液为 O/W。对本实验物系,转相点临界相比主要由初始水油比和乳化剂浓度决定。同常规的乳液聚合相比,伴有转相现象的乳液聚合有其自身的特点,转相使得聚合速率、聚合物粒径及分布、乳液稳定性等发生变化。     

Phenol adsorption on porous and non-porous carbons

Phenol physisorption on a series of porous and non-porous amorphous carbons was studied at 298 K. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo computer simulations were performed to simulate phenol adsorption from the gas phase. Phenol is adsorbed in a solid-like state within the pores and there is no well-developed multilayer regime. The ‘t’ plot method was adapted to phenol adsorption and the results obtained are in agreement with the model solids employed. The simulated adsorption isotherms were compared with experimental results obtained for adsorption from aqueous solutions of phenol. BET surface areas were calculated. Other characteristics of the adsorption system analyzed were: adsorption energy distribution functions, density profiles, distribution of molecules according to gas-solid energy, and local isotherms.     

Prediction of the hydraulic diffusivity from pore size distribution of concrete

A model is presented in this work through which variation of hydraulic diffusivity of concrete with relative water content can be obtained from pore size distribution as an input. The specific water capacity and hydraulic conductivity of concrete are expressed in terms of pore size characteristics, considering laminar flow due to capillary suction through tortuous elliptic tubes, oriented equally in three orthogonal directions. Hydraulic diffusivity being the ratio of hydraulic conductivity and specific water capacity is thus expressed in terms of pore size characteristics. The input pore size distributions have been determined experimentally for normal strength concrete mixes through mercury intrusion porosimetry. Using the model the variation of hydraulic diffusivity with relative water content is determined for three cases viz. 1) ideal continuous wetting, 2) ideal continuous drying and 3) random access of pores by water. These results are then compared with an experimentally obtained variation.     

Apparatus for measuring physical adsorption on intact supported porous membranes

We present a non-destructive, reusable apparatus with which to measure physical adsorption isotherms of intact porous membranes. We developed a two-piece sample container to make reliable sorption measurements of porous membranes, the properties of which may differ from those of powders due to crystal intergrowth. This novel system employs a resealable container that can be immersed in a cryogenic bath, into which tubular, planar, or other porous membranes and films may be placed. Detailed sorption isotherms, including high-resolution adsorption in the low pressure (micropore-filling) region, are shown for MFI-type zeolite membranes grown on two types and configurations of α-alumina support.     

Effect of porous structure and surface functionality on the mercury capacity of a fly ash carbon and its activated sample

The effect of porous structure and surface functionality on the mercury capacity of a fly ash carbon and its activated sample has been investigated. The samples were tested for mercury adsorption using a fixed‐bed with a simulated flue gas. The activated fly ash carbon sample has lower mercury capacity than its precursor fly ash carbon (0.23 vs. 1.85 mg/g), although its surface area is around 15 times larger, 863 vs. 53 m²/g. It was found that oxygen functionality and the presence of halogen species on the surface of fly ash carbons may promote mercury adsorption, while the surface area does not seem to have a significant effect on their mercury capacity.     

Template synthesis of novel porous carbons using various types of zeolites

As previously reported, high surface area microporous carbons with long-range order can be synthesized by using zeolite Y as a template. In this work, an attempt is made to synthesize porous carbon using several other types of zeolites (zeolite β, ZSM-5, mordenite and zeolite L). Special attention is paid to whether the structural regularity of each zeolite can be transferred to the carbon structure as well as with the case of zeolite Y. The carbon filling method was then examined to see which gives the highest regularity to the carbon structure. It has been found that the optimum carbon filling method for zeolite Y is not an optimum one for the other zeolites and the degree of the regularity of long-range ordering in the carbons strongly depends on zeolite type. The order of the regularity in the resultant carbons is zeolite β>>zeolite L>mordenite>ZSM-5. The effect of zeolite type on the regularity is discussed in relation to the size and the shape of the zeolite channels.     

高抗冲聚苯乙烯的研制 Ⅰ.预聚合反应动力学及相转变过程的研究

对HIPS预聚合反应阶段的动力学及相转变行为进行了研究,发现基础胶的种类、用量、搅拌速率及阻聚剂含量对苯乙烯预聚合反应动力学和相转变过程均有不同程度的影响。     

Effect of γ-irradiation on strength of concrete for nuclear-safety structures

Concrete applied for construction of nuclear power plant (NPP) Temelín (Czech Republic) has been exposed to γ-irradiation up to dose 6×10⁵ Gy. Depending on the level of irradiation, changes in strength, porous structure and phase composition of the concrete have been studied. It is found that irradiation lowers both the strength of concrete (about 10%) and volume (resp. surface) of porous space. On the other hand, γ-irradiation increases the ratio of calcite, CaCO₃, in the concrete. Observed effects are discussed with respect to safety of NPPs.     

A new characteristic of liquid-liquid systems—inversion holdup of intensely agitated dispersions

As the holdup of dispersed phase in an agitated liquid-liquid dispersion is increased at fixed agitation, a point is reached (called inversion holdup) when the dispersion inverts—the dispersed phase becomes continuous and vice versa. In this work, we present experimental data which suggest that the inversion holdup for sufficiently intense turbulence is independent of all the operational parameters associated with a stirred tank, e.g., stirrer speed, vessel volume, impeller size, and impeller type; it depends only on the properties of the liquid-liquid system. The inversion holdup was verified to remain unchanged even for inversion in turbulent flow field in the annular space between two coaxial cylinders. A hypothesis involving drops in near contact with each other at high holdups is used to explain the experimental data. The new finding may also provide a qualitative basis for selecting a liquid-liquid system with desired extent of mixing in the dispersed phase for carrying out transport and reactions in multiphase systems.     

The application of small angle scattering techniques to porosity characterization in carbons

Small angle scattering (SAS) techniques offer a number of advantages for the investigation of the nature and behavior of porous materials. In particular, with respect to carbons, the essentially non-intrusive nature of SAS means that along with the more traditional, pre- and post-treatment characterization of carbons, in principle, characterization can also be performed in situ during adsorption and activation processes. In the current communication, the application of the techniques of small angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering is reviewed specifically with respect to porosity characterization in carbons. First, the basis of these techniques is presented. More recent applications of SAXS and SANS to carbon porosity are presented, and their relative attributes are contrasted, including the related technique of contrast matching with SANS to distinguish “closed” from “open” porosity, and its application to elucidation of pore development mechanisms. Applications of other related techniques, such as μSAXS and TGA/SAXS, to carbon characterization and porosity development are also discussed.