用纤维TiO2作光催化剂降解饮用水中腐殖质

用纤维状ＴｉＯ２作为光催化剂，采用间歇和连续两种操作方式，在Ｏ３／ＴｉＯ２／ＵＶ体系中处理含腐殖质的饮用水，使腐殖质去除率在９７％，纤维ＴｉＯ２可过滤回收，易于实际应用。     

超高强度钢CF裂纹扩展的超载效应 Ⅰ．定量模型及预测

将Ｗｉｌｌｅｎｂｏｒｇ的超载残余应力场模型与裂尖形变动力学、裂尖表面析氢反应电化学动力学以及裂尖材料内部氢的扩散动力学和热力学相结合，建立了氢脆腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展（ＣＦＣＧ）超载效应的定量描述模型，给出了超载对裂尖表面析氢电化学反应及裂尖氢扩展影响的一系列判据和表达式．用上述模型进行的预测表明，对于超高强度钢，当两次超载周次之间裂纹扩展长度ａｄ远小于超载塑性区尺寸ｒｐＯＬ与恒载塑性区尺寸ｒｐＣＬＡ之差，即ａｄ＜＜ｒｐＯＬ－ｒｐＣＬＡ时，ＣＦＣＧ会发生比空气疲劳还强烈的超载迟滞效应．而当ａｄ＞ｒｐＯＬ－ｒｐＣＬＡ时，可能会发生超载加速效应．这种预测在后文中由试验的宏观规律与断口特征得到充分验证．     

对聚合物驱单井效果评价的几点认识

通过对喇嘛甸油田聚合物驱单井效果分析，给出了采油井阶段效果评价方法，即单井见效时间和含水回升时间早晚的确定方法，单井见效时间取决于油层条件，注聚前含油饱和度及累计采出地下体积倍数，单井含水回升时间主要取决于聚驱阶段剩余储量采出程度，根据单井阶段评价结果，对试验区进行跟踪调整，在单井阶段效果评价的基础上，对单井最终效果采用吨聚增油量和聚驱阶段剩余储量采收率来进行客观，有效的评价，对聚驱产量预测具有一定指导意义。     

水土保持工程施工阶段的设计变更

通过对水土保持工程施工阶段设计变更原因的分析，指出水土保持生态工程施工阶段变更的必要性和建设、监理单位对变更管理的重要性。通过对变更设计的程序和原则进行的分析，阐述了变更设计涉及的几个主要问题。     

太湖流域河道内用水控制指标分析计算

河道内用水控制指标是反映水资源供需平衡状况、协调河道内外用水、统筹上下游用水关系及流域和区域水资源配置优化程度的重要指标。文中根据太湖流域特点,选取了太湖及平原河网区13个代表站的水位资料,通过频率分析法和Tennant法,提出在满足生活、生产和生态用水条件下,太湖和流域平原河网区代表站允许的最低旬平均水位控制指标,及黄浦江松浦大桥断面允许的最小月净泄量控制指标。     

Heat exchangers for he II cooling loops with self-sustained fountain effect pumps

A cooling cycle with He II convection driven by self-sustained fountain effect pumps is being investigated. Special attention is drawn to the problem of heat transfer at both ends of the superfilter of this loop. The heat exchanger requirements are derived from theoretical considerations on the degradation of the cooling characteristic effected by non-perfect heat exchangers. A shell and tube type heat exchanger, optimized for the warm end of the filter has been operated in this loop with a thermal load of up to 9 W, with 2.8 g s⁻¹ maximum helium flow rate and with inlet temperatures between 1.8 and 3.4 K. Its performance is well described by computations. A different heat exchanger design with finned Cu walls is suggested for the cold end of the pump. Some considerations on its optimization are given.     

Product and by-product formation in laboratory studies on disinfection electrolysis of water using boron-doped diamond anodes

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were studied with respect to the formation of inorganic by-products in water electrolysis. Experiments in non-divided cells were performed with systems containing sulphate, chloride, chlorite, chlorate and nitrate ions. Discontinuous experiments in thermostated cells with rotating disk diamond anodes and expanded mesh IrO₂ cathodes were carried out at 20 °C. Current density was varied between 50 and 300 A m⁻². Ion chromatography was mainly used for species detection.

It was not possible to demonstrate the decomposition of sulphate although a slight tendency seems to exist in some experiments. Hydrogen peroxide is one of the anodic and cathodic by-products. Active chlorine is detectable at higher chloride concentrations compared with the use of mixed oxide anodes (MIO). One reason for this is the reaction of formed chlorine with ozone or hydrogen peroxide. Chlorate can be formed electrolysing chloride, hypochlorite and chlorite solutions. Perchlorate formation was detected. Cathodic processes are responsible for the formation of nitrite ions and ammonia. If chlorine is present, the formation of monochloramine is one possible side reaction. Results show that the processes are very complex. Reaction spectra may vary from case to case. Perchlorate formation is a high risk in drinking water treatment.     

Analysing the Diversity of Water Pricing Structures: The Case of France

This paper presents the results of a 2003 national survey of urban water pricing structure implemented by 429 district level water utilities. After providing some background elements on the diversity of existing water pricing structures, the paper shows how each structure can be used to achieve different management objectives (water allocation efficiency, costs recovery, and equity). It then describes the structures adopted by French water utilities, showing that flat rate are rarely adopted; declining blocks frequently used; and increasing blocks pricing which should be used to promote water use efficiency remain extremely rare. A statistical clustering is then conducted and a typology of situations elaborated. The paper concludes with highlighting that current pricing structures are influenced by past practices and that the dominant objective of water utilities is to cover costs.     

永久式防倒灌隔水采油工艺在长庆油田的应用

长庆油田存在严重的套管腐蚀损坏,采取的主要治理措施是隔水采油工艺技术。原有隔水采油工艺存在隔采周期短、检泵时水层倒灌污染油层、多次隔采后坐封难度大等问题,为此,试验应用了永久式防倒灌隔水采油工艺。现场试验、应用表明,该工艺具有隔采成功率高、隔采周期长等优点,能有效防止检泵时上部水层倒灌污染油层,具有很好的应用价值和推广前景。     

隆德县大水沟饮水工程建设与管理措施分析

隆德县在大水沟农村饮水工程建设管理中，科学规划，优化设计方案，完善政策措施，创新管理体制和运行机制，尤其是用水户全过程参与工程建设管理、实行“两部制”水价、实施工程定期检查养护制度、建立工程管理单位目标责任考核制度、执行水费统一管理和提留统筹费等一系列做法．确保了国家投资效益的充分发挥和工程的可持续利用．