The electron microscope: The British contribution

The unpredictable development of the electron microscope is reviewed in the context of the 150th Anniversary of the Royal Microscopical Society. Abbe convinced himself that an electron microscope could never be constructed. Later, J. J. Thomson established the minute corpuscular nature of the electron and Rutherford realized that such beams can reveal the nature of the atom; his student H. G. Moseley invented electron probe analysis, while looking for X-ray spectra, but the technique did not seem very practical. G. P. Thomson invented the electron diffraction camera, but it was of limited use without an electron lens. In 1931, Knoll and Ruska built a two-stage TEM with magnetic lenses and understood where Abbe went wrong. Although Ernst Ruska surpassed the resolving power of the light microscope in 1933, the first commercial TEM was manufactured in the U.K., leading to many further commercial developments. The realization of a digital computer with a stored program, now indispensible in microscopy, was also achieved first in the U.K. Gabor's electron beam holography, invented in Rugby in 1949, was not a challenge to the conventional TEM at first, but recently atomic resolution holography has been achieved in Abbe's native country, using a digital computer to process the hologram, ironically making use of the very principles laid down by Abbe in the last century for the light microscope.     

东海陆架盆地油气地质勘探与研究简况

本文对东海陆架盆地物探调查、油气地质勘探与研究史作了简单介绍．历史表明，在严格科学管理和广大地质工作者的努力下，东海陆架盆地的油气地质勘探与研究确实取得了引人注目的成绩，从而为今后的“开放和开发”新形势下的进一步勘探奠定了基础．本文的历史回顾皆在为新、老东海油气地质勘探工作者提供了解东海油气勘探史线索，以促进更深入的工作．     

单一模型EnKF法更新油藏模型的探讨

近年来，人们开始利用集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）进行自动历史拟合，更新油藏模型。实验证明EnKF方法是一种有效的方法。EnKF方法要求一组初始实现，但是在实际应用中往往只有一个油藏或地质模型，这使得直接利用EnKF进行历史拟合，更新油藏模型比较困难。为此，提出了一种由一个模型派生出多个模型来满足EnKF基本要求的随机导航点方法，并试验在尽量少的模型条件下，利用EnKF更新油藏模型。模型实验表明，利用随机点抽样派生出多个模型，再利用EnKF可以实现单一模型更新，最终取得的模型与参考模型具有较好的一致性。     

A framework to integrate history matching and geostatistical modeling using genetic algorithm and direct search methods

History matching is an inverse problem where the reservoir model is modified in order to reproduce field observed data. Traditional history matching processes are executed separately from the geological and geostatistical modeling stage due to the complexity of each area. Changes made directly on the reservoir properties generally yield inconsistent geological models. This work presents a framework to integrate geostatistical modeling and history matching process, where geostatistical images are treated as matching parameters. The traditional optimization methods normally applied in history matching generally use gradient information. The treatment of geostatistical images as matching parameters is difficult for these methods due to the strong non-linearities in the solution space. Therefore, another objective of this work is to investigate the application of two optimization methods: genetic algorithm and direct search method in the proposed framework. In order to accelerate the optimization process, two additional techniques are used: upscaling and distributed computing. Results are presented showing the viability of the genetic algorithm in the type of problem addressed in this work and also that direct search method can be used with some restriction. Finally, the benefits of distributed computing and the consistence of the upscaling process are shown.     

IPR曲线在水平井动态分析中的应用

本文将ＩＰＲ曲线理论应用于水平井开采的动态分析中，给出了具体的计算方法和步骤。对实例进行的分析结果表明，其计算结果可靠，完全可用于合理产能的确定和产能预测。     

地层压实恢复的定量计算

在地层压实研究的基础上，阐述了利用压实曲线定量恢复地层原始厚度和原始孔隙度的方法，对计算过程中各种问题的处理以及参数的选取和计算进行了讨论，利用这一方法，可以定量描述地层压实过程以及构造演化史和烃源岩埋藏史。     

The origin of single strain starter culture usage for commercial Cheddar cheesemaking

The technology of using single strain starter cultures for commercial Cheddar cheesemaking is commonly believed to have originated in New Zealand in about 1934. However, W. S. Sutton of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture isolated pure strains of Streptococcus cremoris and, along with A. B. Shelton, conducted cheesemaking trials at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, now the University of Western Sydney, from at least September 1930. Pure strains were being used in factories by October 1930 and, by July 1932, at least six factories were using pure single cultures. The technology was taken to New Zealand from New South Wales by Dr Moir.     

SEM—past,present and future

The development of the technology of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is traced from the early pioneering work in the 1930s to the present day. Recent trends are described and, based on these, some speculative forecasts are made of possible future developments. It is suggested that these will include better vacuum conditions in conventional SEM to permit more accurate surface characterization, and improved electron optics for higher resolution, particularly with low-voltage operation.     

底水驱动油藏水平井临界产量公式及其变化规律研究

本文主要是得出底水驱动油藏中水平井临界产量公式和定量地确定该公式随时间的变化规津。首先，从物质平衡原理出发，导出底水驱动油藏的含油高度、含水高度随时问的变化关系，并用近似方法确定波及系数。其次，从力的平衡原理出发，得出水平井水脊的临界稳定条件。最后，应用镜像法和Ｍｕｓｋａｔ的无穷大地层中一排井的基本公式得出一排水平井位于底水驱动油藏顶部的临界产量公式，并且应用前两部分的公式来计算水平井在不同开发时间的临界产量，从而实现定量地表示出水平井临界产量随着开采时间的增加而呈现递减趋势的变化规律。     

关于中国工程图学发展史的研究

在查阅大量的历史史料和深入现场考察的基础上,对工程图的起源和中国工程图学的发展历史及其发展前景进行了研究和探讨。