纳米钨粉粒度分布的表征研究

采用X射线小角散射法（SAXS）和光子相关谱法（PCS）测试了纳米钨（W）粉的粒度分布。结果表明,采用SAXS测试出的纳米W粉的粒度分布与透射电镜观察和比表面积法测试结果十分接近,能较为准确地表征纳米W粉的一次颗粒的粒度分布;但为了得到可信的结果,所选择的X射线衍射仪的最小可测试角必须足够小。PCS法测试的纳米W粉的粒度随分散条件的变化而变化,所提供的最佳分散条件可用于测定二次颗粒的粒度分布。     

tau: A 1D radiative transfer code for transmission spectroscopy of extrasolar planet atmospheres

The tau code is a 1D line-by-line radiative transfer code, which is generally applicable for modeling transmission spectra of close-in extrasolar planets. The inputs are the assumed temperature–pressure profile of the planetary atmosphere, the continuum absorption coefficients and the absorption cross-sections for the trace molecular absorbers present in the model, as well as the fundamental system parameters taken from the published literature. The program then calculates the optical path through the planetary atmosphere of the radiation from the host star, and quantifies the absorption due to the modeled composition in a transmission spectrum of transit depth as a function of wavelength. The code is written in C++, parallelized using OpenMP, and is available for public download and use from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/exoplanets/.     

Potassium sorbate solutions as copper chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) based slurries

Copper depassivation and repassivation characteristics in potassium sorbate solutions, subsequent to mechanical abrading are reported. The identification of copper repassivation kinetics obtained subsequent to mechanical damage of copper protective films formed in sorbate based solutions is discussed. The repassivation rate of copper in sorbate based solutions was measured by means of a slurryjet system capable of measuring single particle impingments on microelectrodes. Copper repassivation rates measured by this slurryjet system in sulfate solutions containing 10 g L⁻¹ potassium sorbate were found to be in the range of 0.5-1.5 ms. An increase in the potassium sorbate concentration leads to a decrease in copper repassivation time at potentials ranging from 200 to 600 mV_Ag/AgCl. The impingement angle between the copper surface and a single abrasive particle has no impact on copper repassivation time nor peak current (I_max) values. XPS studies revealed that copper passivation in potassium based solution was due to the formation of a thin film which is constituted of: Cu₂O, Cu(OH)₂ and Cu(II)-sorbate, while copper(II)-sorbate is mainly present at the top levels of the passive film. It is therefore recommended that the use of potassium sorbate as a passivating component in conjunction with the addition of strong oxidizing agents in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) slurry design should be considered.     

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of rigid rod polymers: 3. Microstructural changes in stressed polymers

Highly oriented poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) films were stressed in a miniature hydraulic tensile tester interfaced to a fast scanning Fourier transform infra-red spectrometer. The changes in relative intensity, polarization, frequency and shape of infrared bands have been useful in the elucidation of microstructures. With the short time resolution achievable, vibrational bandshape and frequency have been shown to change at different rates when an external stress was applied.     

近红外光谱技术在酚醛预浸布中的应用

为了对预浸布进行快速检测,采用近红外漫反射的方法对高硅氧/酚醛预浸布,碳/酚醛预浸布中的树脂含量、可溶树脂含量和挥发份含量进行在线监测,三项指标同时显示.通过偏最小二乘方法分别建立标准模型,用模型的评价指标评价,分析未知样品.用近红外方法在1 min之内同时分析出结果,没有破坏性.用近红外的测定结果和标准方法的测定结果相比,两者不存在显著性差异.近红外光谱的方法可以应用在酚醛预浸料生产线上.     

The role of Al in C-S-H: NMR, XRD, and compositional results for precipitated samples

X-ray diffraction, compositional analysis, and ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectroscopy of Al-substituted tobermorite-type C-S-H made by precipitation from solution provide significant new insight into the structural mechanisms of Al-substitution in this important and complicated phase. Al occurs in 4-, 5-, and 6-coordination (Al[4], Al[5], and Al[6]) and plays multiple structural roles. Al[4] occurs on the bridging tetrahedra of the drierkette Al-silicate chains, and Al[5] and Al[6] occur in the interlayer and perhaps on particle surfaces. Al does not enter either the central Ca-O sheet or the pairing tetrahedra of the tobermorite-type layers. Al[4] occurs on three types of bridging sites, Q³ sites that bridge across the interlayer; Q² sites that are charge balanced by interlayer Ca⁺², Na⁺, or H⁺; and Q² sites that are most likely charge balanced by interlayer or surface Al[5] and Al[6] through Al[4]-O-Al[5,6] linkages. Although the data presented here are for relatively well-crystallized tobermorite-type C-S-H with C/S ratios ≤ 1.2, comparable spectral features for hydrated white cement pastes in previously published papers[30], [31] and [32] [M.D. Andersen, H.J. Jakobsen, J. Skibsted, Incorporation of aluminum in the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) of hydrated Portland cements: a high-field ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR investigation Inorg. Chem. 42 (2003) 2280-2287; M.D. Andersen, H.J. Jakobsen, J. Skibsted, Characterization of white Portland cement hydration and the C-S-H structure in the presence of sodium aliminate by ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, Cem. Concr. Res. 43 (2004) 857-868; M.D. Andersen, H. J. Jakobsen, J. Skibsted, A new aluminum-hydrate phase in hydrated Portland cements characterized by ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, Cem. Concr. Res., submitted for publication.] indicate the presence of similar structural environments in the C-S-H of such pastes, and by implication OPC pastes.     

动态受限区域内的单纯型连续近邻链查询方法

受限区域内的单纯型连续近邻链查询在空间数据挖掘、数据的相似分析和推理、空间数据库等方面具有重要的作用。为了弥补已有方法的不足,详细研究了动态受限区域内的单纯型连续近邻链查询方法。基于计算几何中的Voronoi图给出了VOR_IN_CRSCNNC算法、VOR_EX_CRSCNNC算法和VOR_DE_CRSCNNC算法。进一步进行了实验比较和分析。理论研究和实验分析表明,所提出的算法在查询过程中减少了数据逐一筛选和判断的冗余计算,在处理空间数据量较大、初始受限区域数据量较多、受限区域形状较为复杂的单纯型连续近邻链查询方面具有较大的优势。     

QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF CHROMIUM'S ABILITY TO PROMOTE ADHESION

Using atomic force spectroscopy, we investigated the adhesion-promoting ability of chromium. An intermediate layer of chromium can overcome the low adhesion between metal films and silicon dioxide. For the first time, we quantitatively studied this experimentally well known fact. We compared the adhesion between chromium and different substrates such as gold, silver, mica, and silicon dioxide and, beyond that, the adhesion between silicon dioxide and the same substrates. To avoid additional effects due to water, we chose ethanol as a nonpolar solvent. Taking the interfacial energies of the surfaces with the liquid into account eliminates the direct influence of the fluid medium on the adhesion of the solid material. The results we obtained corroborate the experimental fact of higher adhesion of chromium with the chosen substrates, as well as substantiate the value of chromium as an adhesion promoter. The adhesion of chromium-coated probes on gold, silicon dioxide, and mica is higher than the adhesion of silicon dioxide probes on the same substrates.     

Bulk and Interphase Effects in Aged Structural Joints

Although structural adhesives are becoming widespread in numerous applications, one important limitation at present is the long term behaviour of bonded assemblies under conditions of high humidity, especially at elevated temperatures. This study presents a comparison between bulk properties of a structural epoxy resin and its behaviour in a torsional joint consisting of a hollowed-out cylinder bonded to a plate—both substrates being in stainless steel. Exposure to ca. 100% relative humidity at 70°C leads to modification of the bulk properties of the polymer, notably reduction of its elastic modulus. Although this may explain some differences in behaviour of the torsional joint, premature failure is attributed to weaknesses in the interphase zone.

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) has been employed to investigate both unbonded steel surfaces and fracture zones. Although prolonged exposure to water leads to a more extensive degree of (apparently) adhesive failure at the interface polymer/metal, AES has shown the presence of non-negligible quantities of carbon, attributed to residual polymer. Failure would seem to occur, at least partly, in a weak interphase of the polymer, near, but not at, the interface.

Various possible causes are evoked. For dry failure, residual polymer may be due to the topography of the metal surface and/or local modification of the adhesive during cure. In the case of aged joints, in addition there are potential effects due to swelling and differential stresses, secondary bond failure and molecular chain scission within the polymer, all provoked by the presence of water.     

Sensitive glasslike sol–gel materials suitable for environmental light sensors

New sol–gel based sensitive materials able to detect moderate doses of UV, Vis and near IR radiations have been designed, prepared and characterised. These glasslike detectors are respectively composed by four different sols of inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic silica matrixes. The sols were prepared from alkoxide (TEOS) and alkylalkoxide (GLYMO) precursors with molar ratios 1:0, 1:1, 1:4 and 0:1, respectively. All the sols were doped with an organic photochromic dye (spiropyran). The detectors characterisation was carried out by means of exposures to natural light under different light intensities (100–3000 lx). The highest sensitivity against the light radiation was found for sols with molar ratio TEOS:GLYMO of 1:1. The time response of detectors is found at about 10 min and their life time is roughly 4 months at least. Moreover, the detectors show good optical reversibility. These sensitive glasslike materials have been designed to be applied for preservation of historical goods. They can detect and evaluate dangerous light doses for the proper conservation conditions of historical materials, which are sensitive or moderately sensitive against light radiation (<600 lx).