缓/控释肥料的研究进展

介绍了缓/控释肥料的基本内涵和国内外的研究背景和进展,对国内外最新研究的缓/控释肥料包裹层进行了综述。简单说明了缓/控释肥料的增产原理,对缓/控释肥料的研究重点和发展前景进行了展望。     

建筑人性美的体现——托德·威廉姆斯和比丽·钱的建筑设计

美国建筑师托德·威廉姆斯和比丽·钱(TodWilliams&BillieTsien)以“建筑是工作和生活的结合”为基本创作理念,将日常生活的感受融于建筑设计中,使建筑体现出深切的人文关怀。对空间体验的重视,对材料特性的探索,以及“缓慢”的设计理论,共同形成了建筑中的人性美。     

Sorption kinetics of Fe(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Fe(II)/Me(II) onto hematite

The reactions of Fe(II) and other divalent metal ions including Zn, Co, Ni, and Cd on hematite were studied in single and competitive binary systems with high sorbate/sorbent ratios in 10 mM PIPES (pH 6.8) solution under strict anoxic conditions. Adsorbed Me(II) was defined as extractable by 0.5 N HCl within 20 h, and fixed Me(II) was defined as the additional amount that was extracted by 3.0 N HCl within 7 days. Binary systems contained Fe(II) plus a second metal ion. The extent of uptake of divalent metal ions by hematite was in order of Fe> or =Zn>Co> or =Ni>Cd. For all metals tested, there was an instantaneous adsorption followed by a relatively slow stage that continued for the next 1-5 days. This sequence occurred in both single and binary systems, and could have been due to a variety of sorption site types or due to slow conversion from outer- to inner-sphere surface complexes due to increasing surface charge. Sorption competition was observed between Fe(II) and the other metal ions. The displacement of Fe(II) by Me(II) was in order of Ni approximately Zn>Cd, and the displacement of Me(II) by Fe(II) was in order of Cd>Zn approximately Ni>Co. Fixed Fe(II) was in order of Fe+Co (20%)>Fe+Cd (6%)>Fe approximately Zn (4%)>Fe approximately Ni (4%) after 30 days. There was no fixation for the other metals in single or binary systems.     

Short- and long-term sorption/desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons onto artificial solids: effects of particle and pore sizes and organic matters

In order to elucidate the effect of nanopores and organic matters on sequestration of contaminants, short- and long-term sorption and desorption of naphthalene and pyrene in seven artificial solid-water systems were studied. Fast sorption occurred in every case; steady states were reached within 1-5h. Sorption constants varied drastically among the seven absorbents, ranging from 1.19 to 5.29 x 10(3) for naphthalene, and from 24.3 to 6.52 x 10(4) for pyrene. Slow sorption continued to take place in some cases, especially on absorbents containing humic matter. Desorption usually took place in two stages, fast and slow, on both unaged and aged absorbents. Irreversibility of desorption occurred for every absorbent except for silica particles modified with octadecyl silyl. Aging led to a reduction of fast desorption fraction due to entrapment of the chemicals into nanopores and partitioning of the chemicals into condensed areas of humic matters, and showed no effect on slow desorption and irreversibility of desorption. On the whole, entrapment into nanopores and partitioning into humic matters are considered to be important for sequestration of contaminants. Irreversibility of desorption is considered to be a more influencing factor than percentage of desorption for describing the extent of sequestration.     

Removal of bacterial fecal indicators, coliphages and enteric adenoviruses from waters with high fecal pollution by slow sand filtration

The aim of the present study was to estimate the performance of slow sand filtration (SSF) facilities, including the time needed for reaching stabilization (maturation), operated with surface water bearing high fecal contamination, representing realistic conditions of rivers in many emerging countries. Surface water spiked with wastewater was infiltrated at different pore water velocities (PWV) and samples were collected at different migration distances. The samples were analyzed for phages and to a lesser extent for fecal bacteria and enteric adenoviruses. At the PWV of 50 cm/d, at which somatic phages showed highest removal, their mean log₁₀ removal after 90 cm migration was 3.2. No substantial differences of removal rates were observed at PWVs between 100 and 900 cm/d (2.3 log₁₀ mean removal). The log₁₀ mean removal of somatic phages was less than the observed for fecal bacteria and tended more towards that of enteric adenoviruses This makes somatic phages a potentially better process indicator than Escherichia coli for the removal of viruses in SSF. We conclude that SSF, and by inference in larger scale river bank filtration (RBF), is an excellent option as a component in multi-barrier systems for drinking water treatment also in areas where the sources of raw water are considerably fecally polluted, as often found in many emerging countries.     

城市慢社区规划设计探讨——以大庆市春雷小镇规划为例

慢社区规划设计在慢城理念基础上,针对慢城目前只实践于小城镇的缺陷,提出在大城市贯彻慢城理念的新思路—以社区为单位推行慢社区建设。大庆市春雷小镇具有建设慢社区的条件,其规划设计从空间布局、交通组织、景观营造三方面,着重打造了布局紧凑、功能多样、环境舒适、景观多样化和立体化、邻里交往和谐、以慢行系统为核心的城市社区。     

Removal and fate of Cryptosporidium parvum, Clostridium perfringens and small-sized centric diatoms (Stephanodiscus hantzschii) in slow sand filters

The decimal elimination capacity (DEC) of slow sand filtration (SSF) for Cryptosporidium parvum was assessed to enable quantitative microbial risk analysis of a drinking water production plant. A mature pilot plant filter of 2.56m(2) was loaded with C. parvum oocysts and two other persistent organisms as potential surrogates; spores of Clostridium perfringens (SCP) and the small-sized (4-7microm) centric diatom (SSCD) Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Highly persistent micro-organisms that are retained in slow sand filters are expected to accumulate and eventually break through the filter bed. To investigate this phenomenon, a dosing period of 100 days was applied with an extended filtrate monitoring period of 150 days using large-volume sampling. Based on the breakthrough curves the DEC of the filter bed for oocysts was high and calculated to be 4.7log. During the extended filtrate monitoring period the spatial distribution of the retained organisms in the filter bed was determined. These data showed little risk of accumulation of oocysts in mature filters most likely due to predation by zooplankton. The DEC for the two surrogates, SCP and SSCD, was 3.6 and 1.8log, respectively. On basis of differences in transport behaviour, but mainly because of the high persistence compared to the persistence of oocysts, it was concluded that both spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (incl. SCP) and SSCD are unsuited for use as surrogates for oocyst removal by slow sand filters. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of predation in Cryptosporidium removal and the fate of consumed oocysts.     

A positron moderator using porous metal

Two types of porous metal moderators (i.e. porous nickel layer and multi-wire tungsten layer) are proposed and tested on a slow positron beam line. A moderation efficiency of about 2×10-4 has been achieved, which is higher than that for W vane geometry moderator by a factor of 4.     

锆离子轰击Zr-4的腐蚀行为及其慢正电子谱研究

为了研究锆离子轰击对Zr-4合金锆耐蚀性的影响,用金属蒸汽真空弧(MEVVA)源对纯锆样品进行了1?015 至2?017 cm-2 的锆离子轰击,加速电压为50 kV。用X-射线光电子谱(XPS)对轰击表面各元素进行价态分析;用俄歇电子能谱(AES)分析氧化膜厚度。对轰击样品进行3次极化测量,以评价轰击样品在1N 硫酸溶液中的耐蚀性。利用慢正电子谱研究了轰击样品表面的缺陷情况。研究结果表明:除1×1015cm-2剂量外,轰击样品的耐蚀性都好于空白Zr-4,且5×1016 cm-2离子轰击样品的耐蚀性最好,轰击样品的自腐蚀电位大体上随着剂量的增加而下降。轰击Zr-4样品的腐蚀行为与其慢正电子谱之间存在着一定的对应关系。     

On the optimum plunger acceleration law in the slow shot phase of pressure die casting machines

The objective of this paper is to analyse a plunger acceleration law that is expected to minimize air entrapment in the slow shot phase of pressure die casting in horizontal cold chambers, and thus to reduce porosity in manufactured parts. The study is carried out using results from an analytical model of the flow of molten metal in the shot sleeve, which is based on the shallow-water approximation, and whose predicted optimum acceleration parameters are in good agreement with available experimental results. The results for the surface profiles of the wave formed during plunger movement using plunger acceleration laws which are typically used in pressure die casting are compared with those corresponding to the proposed law. Some analytical predictions for the wave profiles and for the mass of trapped air are compared with numerical results obtained from a finite-element code, which solves momentum and mass conservation equations. The limiting values of the initial filling fraction required for appropriate operating conditions are determined for wide ranges of acceleration parameters and pouring hole locations.