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991.
Cytochrome P450s(CYPs) are ubiquitously found in all kingdoms of life, playing important role in various biosynthetic pathways as well as degradative pathways; accordingly find applications in a vast variety of areas from organic synthesis and drug metabolite production to modification of biomaterials and bioremediation.Significantly, CYPs catalyze chemically challenging C—H and C—C activation reactions using a reactive high-valent iron-oxo intermediate generated upon dioxygen activation at their heme center,while the other oxygen atom is reduced to the level of water by electrons provided through a reductase partner protein.Self-sufficient CYPs, encoding their heme domain and reductase protein in a single polypeptide, facilitate increased catalytic efficiency and render a less complicated system to work with.The self-sufficient CYP enzyme from CYP102A family(CYP102A1, BM3) is among the earliest and most-investigated model enzymes for mechanistic and structural studies as well as for biotechnological applications.An increasing number of self-sufficient CYPs from the same CYP102 family and from other families have also been reported in last decade.In this review, we introduce chemistry and biology of CYPs, followed by an overview of the characteristics of self-sufficient CYPs and representative reactions.Enzyme engineering efforts leading to novel self-sufficient CYP variants that can catalyze synthetically useful natural and non-natural(nature-mimicking) reactions are highlighted.Lastly, the strategy and efforts that aim to circumvent the challenges for improved thermostability, regio-and enantioselectivity,and total turnover number; associated with practical use of self-sufficient CYPs are reviewed. 相似文献
992.
993.
994.
Fiqri D. Khaidizar Yasumasa Bessho Yasukazu Nakahata 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(7)
Aging is a phenomenon underlined by complex molecular and biochemical changes that occur over time. One of the metabolites that is gaining strong research interest is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, whose cellular level has been shown to decrease with age in various tissues of model animals and humans. Administration of NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR), to supplement NAD+ production through the NAD+ salvage pathway has been demonstrated to slow down aging processes in mice. Therefore, NAD+ is a critical metabolite now understood to mitigate age-related tissue function decline and prevent age-related diseases in aging animals. In human clinical trials, administration of NAD+ precursors to the elderly is being used to address systemic age-associated physiological decline. Among NAD+ biosynthesis pathways in mammals, the NAD+ salvage pathway is the dominant pathway in most of tissues, and NAMPT is the rate limiting enzyme of this pathway. However, only a few activators of NAMPT, which are supposed to increase NAD+, have been developed so far. In this review, we will focus on the importance of NAD+ and the possible application of an activator of NAMPT to promote successive aging. 相似文献
995.
Dexing Jiang Feng Wang Haizi Zhang Wenwen Gao Xi Tong Chuangen Lv Guoxiang Chen 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(9)
Introduction of C4 photosynthetic traits into C3 crops is an important strategy for improving photosynthetic capacity and productivity. Here, we report the research results of a variant line of sorghum–rice (SR) plant with big panicle and high spikelet density by introducing sorghum genome DNA into rice by spike-stalk injection. The whole-genome resequencing showed that a few sorghum genes could be integrated into the rice genome. Gene expression was confirmed for two C4 photosynthetic enzymes containing pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Exogenous sorghum DNA integration induced a series of key traits associated with the C4 pathway called “proto-Kranz” anatomy, including leaf thickness, bundle sheath number and size, and chloroplast size in bundle sheath cells. Significantly, transgenic plants exhibited enhanced photosynthetic capacity resulting from both photosynthetic CO2-concentrating effect and improved energy balance, which led to an increase in carbohydrate levels and productivity. Furthermore, such rice plant exhibited delayed leaf senescence. In summary, this study provides a proof for the feasibility of inducing the transition from C3 leaf anatomy to proto-Kranz by spike-stalk injection to achieve efficient photosynthesis and increase productivity. 相似文献
996.
GaN功率开关器件界面态和缓冲层中深能级陷阱会导致高压电流坍塌和动态导通电阻退化。为提升高性能GaN功率开关器件抗高压性能,改善动态导通电阻退化能力,应采用极值性PEALD-AlN钝化技术设计高压状况下GaN功率开关器件,实现单片集成器件的目的,在去氧化层和氮化处理GaN功率开关器件表面后,采用高温LPCVD-SiNx钝化技术,使器件表面形成钝化层,抑制界面态导致的高压电流坍塌。同时,在高性能GaN功率开关器件电极附近注入磷离子,提升导通电阻性能,降低导通电阻退化速度。经过实验分析发现,经过极值性PEALD-AlN钝化后的GaN功率开关器件电流几乎无明显变化,在磷离子注入后,随着触发能量的变化,导通电阻变化较小,最小值达到3.16 Ω/mm,即该方法能有效抗高压动态导通电阻退化。 相似文献
997.
Alsu Z. Malikova Anastasia S. Shcherbakova Konstantin A. Konduktorov Anastasia S. Zemskaya Alexandra A. Dalina Vladimir I. Popenko Olga G. Leonova Alexei V. Morozov Nikolay N. Kurochkin Olga A. Smirnova Sergey N. Kochetkov Maxim V. Kozlov 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(9)
Recent evidence suggests that fibrotic liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C correlates with cellular senescence in damaged liver tissue. However, it is still unclear how senescence can affect replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this work, we report that an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6, palbociclib, not only induced in hepatoma cells a pre-senescent cellular phenotype, including G1 arrest in the cell cycle, but also accelerated viral replicon multiplication. Importantly, suppression of HCV replication by direct acting antivirals (DAAs) was barely affected by pre-senescence induction, and vice versa, the antiviral activities of host-targeting agents (HTAs), such as inhibitors of human histone deacetylases (HDACi), produced a wide range of reactions—from a dramatic reduction to a noticeable increase. It is very likely that under conditions of the G1 arrest in the cell cycle, HDACi exhibit their actual antiviral potency, since their inherent anticancer activity that complicates the interpretation of test results is minimized. 相似文献
998.
SF_6因优异的电气特性广泛应用于电器绝缘设备中,但其产生的温室效应对大气环境具有极大损害。近年来,C_5F_(10)O作为一种环保型SF_6潜在替代气体受到国内外科研工作者的关注。为进一步探究C_5F_(10)O/干燥空气与C_5F_(10)O/N_2的绝缘特性,文中利用气体绝缘性能测试平台,对不同气压、不同C_5F_(10)O分压下的2种混合气体在准均匀电场下进行工频击穿试验。实验结果表明,C_5F_(10)O混合气体绝缘强度随气体压强的增大而增大;提高C_5F_(10)O分压亦可提高两类缓冲气体的绝缘强度,且对N_2绝缘强度提升相对值大于干燥空气。从绝缘强度考虑,适当增大C_5F_(10)O混合气体气压和C_5F_(10)O分压,C_5F_(10)O/干燥空气比C_5F_(10)O/N_2混合气体更具潜力替代室内中低压设备中的SF_6。 相似文献
999.
Hui Mei Mingyang Lu Shixiang Zhou Laifei Cheng 《International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology》2021,18(1):162-169
Two-dimensional (2D) carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites with different initial strength were prepared by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). After tensile property testing, results exhibited that as the heat-treatment temperature (HTT) increases to 1900°C, the tensile strength and toughness of the low strength specimen (LSS) increased by 110% and 530%, while the high strength specimen (HSS) increased by 5.4% and 550%, respectively. As observed from morphologies, the heat treatment increases the graphitization of the amorphous PyC interphase, which leads to the weakening of interfacial bonding strength (IBS). Meanwhile, the defects arising from heat treatment cause thermal residual stress relaxation. Therefore, the tensile strength and toughness of LSS with relatively high initial IBS increase significantly as HTT increases. For HSS with moderate initial IBS, the heat treatment slightly improves the tensile strength, but significantly improves the toughness. Consequently, the post-heat-treatment tensile properties of 2D C/SiC composites can be regulated by varying HTTs and different initial strength. 相似文献
1000.
为了增强纳米二氧化钛薄膜在紫外光下光催化降解罗丹明B溶液的能力,分别采用磁控直流溅射与射频溅射的方法,使用二氧化钛靶材、镍靶材、碳靶材,分别制备了碳非金属掺杂、镍金属掺杂以及镍、碳共掺杂的纳米二氧化钛薄膜,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)进行表征。SEM结果表明,与纯二氧化钛薄膜相比镍、碳共掺杂纳米二氧化钛薄膜晶粒细化,比表面积增大,薄膜表面聚集体为不规则的多边形颗粒状,有利于增大与污染物的接触面积;XRD结果表明该薄膜的晶粒减小,加快了光生电子空穴对的分离;薄膜的吸收极限红移,禁带宽度减小。在紫外光照射下,镍、碳共掺杂纳米二氧化钛薄膜的光催化性能最优,1 h降解了29.54%的罗丹明B溶液。 相似文献